The Organ

管风琴

The traditional pipe organ is a collection of tuned pipes which are sounded by admitting air to them from a windchest. The centuries of development of the pipe organ have yielded a rich variation in types of pipes as well as mechanisms for sounding them. The collection of pipes of a given type is called a rank, and the organist's control knob for a rank is called a "stop". "Pulling the stop" means opening the valve to let air into that rank of pipes (when the corresponding key on the keyboard is pressed). Some of the largest organs have more than a hundred ranks.

传统管风琴是由一系列调音的管组成，这些管通过从风箱中吸入空气来发声。管风琴几个世纪的发展产生了丰富的管型变化以及发声机制。同一类型的管的集合称为“列”（rank），管风琴演奏者控制某一列的控制杆称为“止音器”（stop）。“拉止音器”意味着打开阀门，使空气进入该列的管中（当对应的键盘键被按下时）。一些最大的管风琴拥有超过一百列的管。

Types of Organ Pipes

管风琴的类型

The type of organ pipe that first comes to mind is that which has an edge with a slit called a flue which directs air from the windchest upon it. These are called flue pipes. Many varieties of pipes have been tried, and reed pipes are also popular.

首先想到的管风琴类型是一种具有称为‘音孔’的边缘的管，该音孔将来自风箱的空气引导至管上。这类管被称为音孔管。已经尝试了多种管型，簧片管也十分流行。

Ranks of Organ Pipes

管乐器的阶数

A complete set of organ pipes of the same type is called a rank. In a large modern organ, the keyboard span is typically five octaves from C2 to C7. With 12 semitones per octave, this gives 61 pipes for a rank. Five doublings of length means that the longest pipe in a rank is 32 times the length of the shortest pipe.

同类型的一组管风琴管称为一个音列。在大型现代管风琴中，键盘跨度通常从C2到C7共五个八度。每个八度有12个半音，因此一个音列共有61根管。五次长度加倍意味着一个音列中最长的管是最短管的32倍。

Since the idea of a rank is to produce a set of pipes with similar tone quality, it has been found to be necessary to scale the diameters in a different way than the lengths. In order to enhance the higher harmonic content of the longer pipes, it has been found desirable to make their diameters smaller in proportion to their lengths. In a rank, the diameter of the longest pipe will be 12 to 13 times the diameter of the shortest pipe, while the length has increased by a factor of 32.

由于‘阶’的概念是为了产生一组音色相似的管，因此发现必须以不同于长度的方式来缩放直径。为了增强较长管的高次谐波含量，发现使其直径与长度成比例减小是可取的。在阶中，最长管的直径将是最短管直径的12到13倍，而长度则增加了32倍。