Crossed Polarizers

An ideal polarizer produces linearly polarized light from unpolarized light. Two ideal polarizers would eliminate all light if their transmission directions are placed at right angles. The two sheets of polaroid at left are crossed and placed on an overhead projector. Polaroid is not an ideal polarizer, so some light is transmitted even when the sheets are crossed. 理想偏振片可以从非偏振光中产生线偏振光。如果两个理想偏振片的透光方向相互垂直，那么它们会完全阻挡所有光。图中左侧的两个偏振片是交叉放置在投影仪上的。偏振片并不是理想的偏振片，因此即使两片交叉放置时，仍会有部分光通过。

Polaroid materials accomplish polarization by dichroism. At angles other than 90°, the transmitted intensity is given approximately by the Law of Malus.

Polarizer Puzzle

If crossed polarizers block all light, why does putting a third polarizer at 45° between them result in some transmission of light?

In dichroic materials like polaroid, the component of the field perpendicular to the transmission plane is selectively absorbed. This achieves a rotation of the plane of polarization, but the mechanism is different from that in optically active materials.

In the image at left above, the polaroids are crossed, resulting in minimum transmission. At right above, a third sheet of polaroid is inserted between the crossed polarizers. In the situation shown, the transmitted intensity can be calculated by applying the Law of Malus twice. If the center polarizer is placed at 45° between crossed polarizers, 25% of the light will be transmitted.

Law of Malus

When a second polarizer is rotated, the vector component perpendicular to its transmission plane is absorbed, reducing its amplitude to 当第二个偏振片旋转时，其透射面法线方向的矢量分量被吸收，使其振幅减少 Since the transmitted intensity is proportional to the amplitude squared, the intensity is given by: 由于透射强度与振幅平方成正比，因此强度由下式给出： If 如果 = ° then = 然后 中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：th 2：i。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The Law of Malus gives the transmitted intensity through two ideal polarizers. Note that it gives zero intensity for crossed polarizers. Real physical polarizers like sheets of polaroid are not ideal polarizers.