The Ideal Op-amp理想运算放大器
The IC Op-amp comes so close to ideal performance that it is useful to state the characteristics of an ideal amplifier without regard to what is inside the package. 运算放大器的性能如此接近理想状态，以至于可以不考虑其内部结构，直接说明理想放大器的特性。
These characteristics lead to the golden rules for op-amps. They allow you to logically deduce the operation of any op-amp circuit. 这些特性导致了运算放大器的黄金法则。它们允许你逻辑推导出任何运算放大器电路的运作方式。
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Index Electronics concepts Op-amp concepts 索引 电子学概念 运算放大器概念 | ||||
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The Op-amp Golden Rules运算放大器的黄金法则
From Horowitz & Hill: 从Horowitz与Hill的资料中：
For an op-amp with external feedback 对于带有外部反馈的运算放大器
Comments on 1: The voltage gain of a real op-amp is so high that a fraction of a millivolt input will swing the output over its full range. Practically, that amounts to rule 1. 关于1：实际运算放大器的电压增益非常高，因此即使输入电压仅为毫伏级，输出也会在其全范围内变化。实际上，这相当于规则1。
Comments on 2: The input current is so low (0.08 microamps for the 741, picoamps for an FET-input op-amp) that rule 2 is practically correct. 关于第2点：输入电流非常低（741的输入电流为0.08微安，场效应管输入运算放大器的输入电流为皮安），因此规则2基本上是正确的。
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Index Electronics concepts Op-amp concepts Reference Horowitz and Hill 索引 电子学概念 运算放大器概念 参考 Horowitz 和 Hill | |||||||
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The 741 Op-amp Circuit741 运算放大器电路
The standard 741 Op-amp circuit contains 20 transistors and 11 resistors. It starts with a differential input stage with a current mirror load. This is followed by an npn voltage amplification stage with an active output. A pnp emitter follower drives a push-pull emitter follower output stage. The output stage includes current limiting circuitry. 标准的741运算放大器电路包含20个晶体管和11个电阻。它首先有一个差分输入级，后面接有一个具有电流镜负载的npn电压放大级。随后是一个主动输出的npn发射极跟随器。一个pnp发射极跟随器驱动一个推挽发射极跟随器输出级。输出级包括限流电路。
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