Departures from Ideal Op-amp

Though common and inexpensive op-amps like the 741 come remarkably close to the ideal op-amp, there are practical limitations which come into play in circuit design. Some of the things which cause problems are

The input current isn't exactly zero. 输入电流并不完全为零 The input offset current isn't exactly zero either. 输入偏置电流也不完全是零。 The input impedance isn't infinite. 输入阻抗不是无限的。 There is a limited common mode voltage range. 存在有限的共模电压范围。 The output impedance isn't zero. 输出阻抗不是零。 There are voltage gain limitations including phase shifts. 存在电压增益限制，包括相位变化。 There is a finite input offset voltage. 存在有限的输入偏置电压 There is a finite slew rate. 存在有限的 slew 率 There is some temperature dependence. 有一些温度依赖性。