Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版：英文原文完整保留，中文紧随对应单元；术语采用 v20260916 确认表，自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Amino Acids with Hydrocarbon R-groups

含碳链的氨基酸

Amino acids are organic compounds which contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. They are distinguished by the attached functional group R.

氨基酸是含有氨基和羧基的有机化合物。它们的区别在于连接的基团R。

Of the twenty amino acids that make up proteins, six of them have hydrocarbon R-groups . Except for phenylalanine, these are aliphatic hydrocarbons, containing no benzine ring. The simplest of the amino acids, glycine, has just a hydrogen atom in the position of the R-group.

在构成蛋白质的二十种氨基酸中，有六种含有碳氢基团。除了苯丙氨酸外，这些都是脂肪族碳氢化合物，不含苯环。最简单的氨基酸——甘氨酸，其R基团位置仅有一个氢原子。
R-group
R基团
Hydrocarbon
碳氢化合物
Neutral
中性
Acid or base
酸或碱
Click on any amino acid for further details.

* Amino acids which are essential amino acids which cannot be made by the human body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.

* 必需氨基酸是指人体无法合成的氨基酸，因此必须通过饮食摄取。

Amino acids may be characterized in various ways. Important to the structure of proteins is whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. These amino acids are for the most part hydrophobic. For details about the ways to classify amino acids, see the IMGT classes for amino acids.

氨基酸可以通过多种方式来表征。对于蛋白质的结构而言，它们是亲水还是疏水是重要的。这些氨基酸在很大程度上是疏水的。有关氨基酸分类方法的详细信息，请参见IMGT的氨基酸分类。
点击任一氨基酸以获取更多详情
 Index

Biochemical concepts

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Tillery, Enger and Ross
Ch 14
索引 生物化学概念 化学概念 参考 Tillery, Enger 和 Ross 第14章
 
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Amino Acids with Neutral R-groups

中性侧链的氨基酸

Amino acids are organic compounds which contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. They are distinguished by the attached functional group R.

氨基酸是含有氨基和羧基的有机化合物。它们的区别在于连接的基团R。

Of the twenty amino acids that make up proteins, seven of them have neutral R-groups :

构成蛋白质的二十种氨基酸中，有七种的侧链基团呈中性：
R-group
R基团
Hydrocarbon
碳氢化合物
Neutral
中性
Acid or base
酸或碱
Click on any amino acid for further details.
点击任一氨基酸以获取更多详情

* Amino acids which are essential amino acids which cannot be made by the human body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.

* 必需氨基酸是指人体无法合成的氨基酸，因此必须通过饮食摄取。

Amino acids may be characterized in various ways. Important to the structure of proteins is whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. These amino acids are for the most part hydrophilic. For details about the ways to classify amino acids, see the IMGT classes for amino acids.

Index

Biochemical concepts

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Tillery, Enger and Ross
Ch 14
索引 生物化学概念 化学概念 参考 Tillery, Enger 和 Ross 第14章
 
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Amino Acids with Acid or Base R-groups

含酸或碱侧链的氨基酸

Amino acids are organic compounds which contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. They are distinguished by the attached functional group R.

氨基酸是含有氨基和羧基的有机化合物。它们的区别在于连接的基团R。

Of the twenty amino acids that make up proteins, six of them have acid or base R-groups . Compare with the simplest of the amino acids, glycine, which has only H as an R-group.

构成蛋白质的二十种氨基酸中，有六种含有酸性或碱性侧链。与最简单的氨基酸甘氨酸相比，甘氨酸的侧链仅含氢。
R-group
R基团
Hydrocarbon
碳氢化合物
Neutral
中性
Acid or base
酸或碱
Click on any amino acid for further details.

* Amino acids which are essential amino acids which cannot be made by the human body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.

* 必需氨基酸是指人体无法合成的氨基酸，因此必须通过饮食摄取。

氨基酸可以通过多种方式来表征。对于蛋白质的结构而言，它们是亲水还是疏水是重要的。这些氨基酸在很大程度上是亲水的。有关氨基酸分类方法的详细信息，请参见IMGT对氨基酸的分类。点击任意一种氨基酸以获取更多详情。

Amino acids may be characterized in various ways. Important to the structure of proteins is whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. These amino acids are for the most part hydrophilic. For details about the ways to classify amino acids, see the IMGT classes for amino acids.

Index

Biochemical concepts

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Tillery, Enger and Ross
Ch 14
索引 生物化学概念 化学概念 参考 Tillery, Enger 和 Ross 第14章
 
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HyperPhysics ***** 化学
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氨基酸可以通过多种方式来表征。对于蛋白质的结构而言，它们是亲水还是疏水是重要的。这些氨基酸在很大程度上是亲水的。有关氨基酸分类方法的详细信息，请参见IMGT对氨基酸的分类。