Amino Acids

Amino acids are organic compounds which contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Amino acids have the general form:

R-group R基团 Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 Neutral 中性 Acid or base 酸或碱

Here the COOH is understood to be the carboxyl group shown above. There are 20 amino acids which make up the proteins of living organisms, distinguished by the R-groups. The simplest of the amino acids, glycine, has just H as an R-group. The list of these 20 amino acids at right may be clicked for further information. The single-letter representations of these amino acids are included. 此处的COOH被理解为上图所示的羧基集团。构成生物体蛋白质的20种氨基酸因R基团不同而有所区别。最简单的氨基酸——甘氨酸，其R基团仅为H。右侧的20种氨基酸列表可点击以获取更多信息。这些氨基酸的单字母表示也已包含在内。 Amino acids are the structural elements from which proteins are built. When amino acids bond to each other, it is done in the form of an amide , making a connection which is called a peptide linkage. This can be illustrated with the two simplest amino acids, glycine and alanine. 氨基酸是构成蛋白质的结构单元。当氨基酸相互结合时，它们通过酰胺形式连接，这种连接称为肽键。这可以通过最简单的两种氨基酸——甘氨酸和丙氨酸来示例。 "Amino acids are used to synthesize certain hormones, other amino acids, some neurotransmitters (chemicals used in communication between neurons), and new proteins. These proteins have diverse roles in the body, acting as enzymes, receptors on cell membranes, oxygen transport molecules (hemoglobin), structural components (hair and nails), hormones, antibodies, and muscle proteins."(Audesirks) 氨基酸被用来合成某些激素，其他氨基酸，一些神经递质（神经元间通信所用的化学物质），以及新的蛋白质。这些蛋白质在体内具有多样的功能，充当酶、细胞膜上的受体、氧运输分子（血红蛋白）、结构成分（头发和指甲）、激素、抗体和肌肉蛋白质。

Active graphic 活动图形

According to Tillery, et al., the human body can synthesize all of the amino acids necessary to build proteins except for the ten called the "essential amino acids", indicated by asterisks in the amino acid illustrations. An adequate diet must contain these essential amino acids. Typically, they are supplied by meat and dairy products, but if those are not consumed, some care must be applied to ensuring an adequate supply. They can be supplied by a combination of cereal grains (wheat, corn, rice, etc.) and legumes (beans,peanuts, etc.). Tillery points out that a number of popular ethnic foods involve such a combination, so that in a single dish, one might hope to get the ten essential amino acids. Mexican corn and beans, Japanese rice and soybeans, and Cajun red beans and rice are examples of such fortuitous combinations.

Amino acids can form in either left-handed or right-handed molecular symmetry, but it is notable that all life on the Earth contains left-handed amino acids as the building blocks of its proteins. This fact makes remarkable the amino acids found in the Murchison meteorite, which were nearly equal mixtures of left- and right-handed amino acids for the central portion. That equal population itself would have been convincing evidence of its extra-terrestrial origin even if it had not been observed to impact near Murchison, Australia in 1969. There is some element of mystery why the Murchison meteorite did show some elevation of L-amino acid after contamination was accounted for, as did meteorite GRA 95229 from Antarctica.

Wiki: amino acid

Peptide Bonds

The joining of amino acids in the process of making biochemical molecules like proteins is done by bonds which are referred to as peptide bonds. This may be illustrated with the two simplest amino acids, glycine and alanine.