Carbon
碳
Carbon forms more chemical compounds than any other element except hydrogen. Many of the chemicals in living organisms are hydrocarbons. The field of organic chemistry is primarily the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. Carbon binds to oxygen to form the carbonate ion CO32- and contributes to an important class of minerals, the carbonates.
碳形成的化学化合物种类比其他任何元素都多，除了氢。许多生物体中的化学物质都是碳氢化合物。有机化学主要研究碳的化合物。碳与氧结合形成碳酸根离子CO₃²⁻，并贡献于一类重要的矿物——碳酸盐矿物。
Carbon has a density of 2.26 in the graphite form and 3.51 in the diamond form. Imperfectly formed crystalline forms of diamond are called bort and black diamond. They are slightly less dense than diamond and are somewhat tougher and harder. They are used for diamond drills and abrasives.
石墨的密度为2.26，而钻石形式的密度为3.51。不完美的钻石晶体形式称为硼和黑钻石。它们的密度略低于钻石，且稍具韧性和硬度。它们用于钻石钻头和磨料。
While diamond is the hardest substance, several carbon compounds called carbides rival its hardness. Boron carbide, B4C, is the hardest next to diamond but several of the metal carbides are extremely
hard and find application as cutting edges on high speed tools.
尽管金刚石是最硬的物质，但几种称为碳化物的化合物的硬度可以与之抗衡。硼化物B₄C是仅次于金刚石的最硬物质，但几种金属碳化物也非常硬，被用作高速工具的切削部分。
Diamonds and other precious gems are sometimes measured in carats, a term derived from the Greek word for a carob seed. Carob seeds were once used as measures of weight. One carat is equal to 0.007 ounces. The Cullinan diamond, found in South Africa in 1905, weighted 3,106 carats.
钻石和其他珍贵宝石有时以克拉为单位进行测量，这一术语源自希腊语中一种车前子的名称。车前子曾被用作重量的衡量单位。一克拉等于0.007盎司。1905年在南非发现的库利南钻石重3,106克拉。
|
This sample of carbon in graphite form is displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The sample is about 13x13 cm and is from Ticonderoga, New York. It is formed with calcite.
这个碳样品以石墨形式展示在史密森尼自然历史博物馆中。该样品尺寸约为13x13厘米，来自纽约的提康德罗加。该样品由方解石形成。
|
Diamond on display in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.
钻石在史密森尼自然历史博物馆展出。
|
|
Below is the expectation from the general order of filling of electron orbitals, but an important part of the bonding of carbon is the forming of sp3 hybrid orbitals.
以下是对电子轨道填充的一般顺序的期望，但碳的成键中一个重要部分是sp³杂化轨道的形成。
|
