Phosphorus
磷
Phosphorus is a low melting-point non-metal which occurs in several forms. Phosphorus vapor just above its boiling point of 280.5°C consists of tetratomic molecules in a tetrahedral form in contrast to its higher temperature form with is diatomic and similar to the nitrogen diatomic form. This tetratomic vapor condenses to liquid white phosphorus which freezes at 44.1°C to solid white phosphorus, a soft, waxy, colorless material. In this solid form it maintains its P4 molecules.
磷是一种熔点较低的非金属，以多种形式存在。在沸点280.5°C以上的磷蒸气由四原子分子组成，呈四面体结构，与较高温度下的形式不同，后者是双原子的，类似于氮的双原子形式。这种四原子蒸气冷凝为白色液体磷，其在44.1°C时凝固为固态白磷，是一种柔软、蜡状、无色的物质。在固态下，它保持P4分子结构。
White phosphorus is metastable and slowly changes to a stable form, red phosporus, in the presence of light or upon heating. Red phosphorus is far more stable than the white form. It does not catch fire in air at temperatures below 240°C whereas white phosphorus ignites at about 40°C. Red phosphorus cannot be converted into white phosphorus except by vaporizing it.
白磷是不稳定的，并在光照或加热的情况下缓慢转化为更稳定的红色磷。红色磷比白色磷更稳定。在温度低于240°C时，红色磷不会在空气中燃烧，而白色磷在约40°C时就会燃烧。红色磷只能通过加热使其转化为白色磷。
White phosphorus is very poisonous, a lethal dose being about 0.15 grams. It causes necrosis of the bones, especially those of the jaw. Red phosphorus is not poisonous.
白磷非常有毒，致死剂量约为0.15克。它会导致骨骼的坏死，尤其是下颌骨。红磷则无毒。
Phosphorus in nature occurs as phosphate minerals including fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F, hydroxy-apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH) and tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2. Hydroxyapatite is the main constituent of teeth and bones. Complex organic compounds of phosphorus are essential constituents of nerve and brain tissue and of many proteins, and are involved in the metabolic reactions of living organisms.
磷在自然界中以磷酸盐矿物形式存在，包括氟磷酸盐矿石氟磷酸钙（Ca₅(PO₄)₃F）、羟基磷酸钙（Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)）和三钙磷酸盐（Ca₃(PO₄)₂）。羟基磷酸钙是牙齿和骨骼的主要成分。含磷的复杂有机化合物是神经系统和脑组织以及许多蛋白质的必需成分，并参与生物体的代谢反应。
Large amounts or phosphorus are converted to phosphoric acid.
大量磷被转化为磷酸
Phosphorus is used in the making of matches. The older practice of using white phosphorus for matches has been abandoned because of the extremely poisonous nature of white phosphorus. Ordinary matches are made by dipping the end of the match into paraffin, then into a wet mixture of phosphorus sulfide, P4S3, lead dioxide or other oxidizing agent, and glue. The heads of safety matches contain antimony trisulfide and potassium chlorate or dichromate, and the striking strip on the box is coated with red phosphorus, powdered glass, and glue.
磷用于制造火柴。由于白磷极毒，使用白磷制作火柴的旧方法已被摒弃。普通火柴是将火柴头浸入石蜡，然后浸入由磷化物（P₄S₃）、二氧化铅或其他氧化剂和胶水组成的湿混合物中制成的。安全火柴头含有三硫化锑和氯酸钾或铬酸盐，火柴盒上的摩擦条涂有红磷、玻璃粉和胶水。
Phosphorus forms the hydride PH3 which is called phosphine. It is an exceedingly poisonous gas.
磷形成PH₃这种氢化物，称为磷化氢。它是一种极其有毒的气体。
Phosphates are valuable fertilizers, and the annual use of phosphate rock for this purpose is in the tens of millions of tons. It must be converted to calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) to be assimilable by plants.
磷酸盐是重要的肥料，用于此目的的磷酸盐岩年用量达数千万吨。必须将其转化为钙二氢磷酸盐（Ca(H₂PO₄)₂）才能被植物吸收。
Common phosphorus has a nominal density of 1.83 gm/cm3, but in the white form has a density of 5.7 and in the red form 5.1.
普通磷的密度约为1.83 g/cm³，但白色磷的密度为5.7，红色磷的密度为5.1。
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