Radiative Cooling of a Volcanic Fragment

The radiative cooling time for the ideal case of an object which remains at a uniform temperature with no limitation from heat transfer from the interior of the object is given by :

It must be kept in mind that for macroscopic objects, the calculated cooling time for the object as a whole will always be shorter than the real cooling time, so that it gives a lower bound. The above relationship assumes infinite thermal conductivity so that the temperature of the whole object is equal to the surface temperature. In the real world, the surface will cool faster than the interior. The rate of heat transfer from the interior will be expected to limit the rate of radiative loss from the surface.

Despite all these real-world limitations, it is interesting to try to model the process of the cooling of a hot object. Dr. Pam Burnley of GSU's Geology Department has a fragment of basaltic material which she found some 60 meters from the top of a small volcanic cone. The material has the appearance of having been ejected in an almost liquid state, but upon impact,it just bent one end of the fragment. This seems to imply that during its flight out of the cone, it cooled enough to be partially solid before impact.

These two views of the fragment show the two sides and the general impression of something fairly soft which was bent upon impact. It looks like a kind of splash of the volcanic material. Dr. Burnley refers to it as a "bomb" from the volcano. 这两个碎片的视图显示了其两面以及在撞击时较为柔软的总体印象。看起来像是火山物质的喷溅。Burnley博士称其为“火山喷出物”。

Basic data was collected for the sample. Its mass is 367.6 grams. It measured about 17cm long, 5.5cm across and about 3.5cm thick. Submerged in water, its effective mass was 161 grams, so by Archimedes principle, its volume is 206.6 cm³. This gives a density of 1.78 gm/cm³, compared to a density of about 3 gm/cm³ for solid basalt, so there is a lot of air in it. Dr. Burnley estimated temperatures of about 1200 °C for the liquidus for this material and about 1000 °C for its solidus. So those seem to be plausible temperatures to use as the hot and cold temperatures for this modeling process.

Modeling the Radiative Cooling of a Hot Sphere

The modeling of the radiative cooling time of a hot sphere can give some insights into the role of radiation in cooling hot objects. Radiation is definitely not the only mechanism involved; the cooling of real macroscopic objects is a multifaceted topic including heat transfer from the interior of the object to the surface. With this caution about the applicability of these results to the real world, a model for the radiative cooling of a sphere will be developed. The model of the cooling time is given by

For a sphere of radius r = cm = m = x 10^m,

对于半径为 r = cm = m = x 10^ m，

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：rc 2：r 3：rb 4：rp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the surface area is A = cm² = x 10^ m².

表面积是 A = cm² = x 10^ m²。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：ac 2：ab 3：ap。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the volume is V = cm³ = x 10^ m³.

体积是 V = cm³ = x 10^ m³。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：vc 2：vb 3：vp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

If the density is gm/cm³ = kg/m³, then

如果密度是 gm/cm 3 = kg/m 3 ，则

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：rho 2：rho2。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the mass will be gm = kg = x10^ kg.

质量将为 gm = kg = x10^ kg。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：mg 2：mk 3：mb 4：mp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

If the molar mass is known to be M = gm, then we can determine the number of atoms or molecules contained in the sphere. (Caution! These are assumed to be experimental numbers. Molar mass and density are not independent, and it is easy to choose values which are incompatible. Neither is the density precisely determined by the molar mass because of different crystal structures, etc. ). With these assumptions, the number of particles is modeled to be

如果已知摩尔质量为 M = 克/摩尔，则可以确定球体内所含的原子或分子数目。（注意！这些数值是实验测定的。摩尔质量和密度并非独立，容易选择出不一致的值。此外，由于不同的晶体结构等因素，密度也不能精确由摩尔质量确定。）在此假设下，粒子数目被建模为

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：mol。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

= x10^

If the original high temperature is = K

如果原始高温是 = K

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：th。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

then a cooling time of sec = x10^ sec

然后是秒量级的冷却时间。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：t 2：tb 3：tp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

for an object with emissivity

对于发射率的物体

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：em。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

corresponds to a final temperature K

对应最终温度 K

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：tfinal。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

In this calculation, the value of any parameter may be changed, and the default calculation will be the final temperature. However, if the final temperature is changed, the corresponding cooling time will be calculated.

While perhaps instructive as an exploration, this calculation is unrealistic because of several simplifying assumptions:

• The entire mass is presumed to be at the same temperature, whereas in any real object the surface will cool faster and you will have a lag in the transfer of heat from the interior of the object to the surface to be radiated.
  整个质量被认为处于同一温度，而在任何实际物体中，表面会冷却得更快，因此从物体内部传到表面的热量传递会滞后，从而影响辐射。
• The effect of the ambient temperature is neglected. This may be justified. If the hot temperature is more than about three times the ambient, then the error from this assumption is down to 1%
  环境温度的影响被忽略。这可能是合理的。如果高温是环境温度的三倍以上，那么由此假设产生的误差将降至1%。
• Other heat transfer process are neglected, namely conduction and convection. For temperatures over 1000K, this is probably justified. Conduction and convection depend linearly upon temperature, while radiation goes up according to the fourth power.
  其他热传递过程被忽略，即传导和对流。对于超过1000K的温度，这可能是合理的。传导和对流与温度成线性关系，而辐射则与温度的四次方成正比。
• The derivative of energy with respect to temperature above is highly simplified. This derivative is really the specific heat of the object, and it is more involved than this simple expression.
  能量对温度的导数在上面是高度简化的。这个导数实际上是物体的比热容，比这个简单的表达式更复杂。