The Retina

The retina is a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface. Photosensitive cells called rods and cones in the retina convert incident light energy into signals that are carried to the brain by the optic nerve. In the middle of the retina is a small dimple called the fovea or fovea centralis. It is the center of the eye's sharpest vision and the location of most color perception.

"A thin layer (about 0.5 to 0.1mm thick) of light receptor cells covers the inner surface of the choroid. The focused beam of light is absorbed via electrochemical reaction in this pinkish multilayered structure. The human eye contains two kinds of photoreceptor cells; rods and cones. Roughly 125 million of them are intermingled nonuniformly over the retina."(Hecht) The ensemble of rods(each about 0.002 mm in diameter) forms an exceedingly sensitive detector, performing in light too dim for the cones to respond to. It is unable to distinquish color, and the images it relays are not well defined.

"In contrast, the ensemble of 6 or 7 million cones (each about 0.006 mm in diameter) can be imagined as a separate, but overlapping, low-speed color film. It performs in bright light, giving detailed colored views, but is fairly insensitive at low light levels."(Hecht)"

The rods and cones appear to be pointed away from the light source they detect. The light strikes the sensitive pigment layer at the back of the eye and transfers the information to the nearby rods and cones. The rods and cones absorb the scattered light from the nearby pigment layer, which makes vision clearer and keeps the sensitive detectors in a more protected location. The rods and cones are also kept closer to their metabolic energy supply. From the rods and cones, the signals pass through horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells on their way to the retinal highway leading to the optic nerve. (Mammoth)

The Fovea Centralis

Though the eye receives data from a field of about 200 degrees, the acuity over most of that range is poor. To form high resolution images, the light must fall on the fovea, and that limits the acute vision angle to about 15 degrees. In low light, this fovea constitutes a second blind spot since it is exclusively cones which have low light sensitivity. At night, to get most acute vision one must shift the vision slightly to one side, say 4 to 12 degrees so that the light falls on some rods.

"Just about at the center of the retina is a small depression from 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter known as the yellow spot, or macula. There is a tiny rod-free region about 0.3mm in diameter at its center, the fovea centralis. (In comparison the image of the full Moon on the retina is about 0.2 mm in diameter.) Here the cones are thinner (with diameters of 0.0030mm to 0.0015mm) and more densely packed than anywhere else in the retina. Since the fovea provides the sharpest and most detailed information, the eyeball is continuously moving, so that light from the object of primary interest falls on this region. ...the rods are multiply connected to nerve fibers, and a single such fiber can be activated by any one of about a hundred rods. By contrast, cones in the fovea are individually connected to nerve fibers. The actual perception of a scene is constructed by the eye-brain system in a continuous analysis of the time-varying retinal image."(Hecht)

Optic Nerve

The optic nerve is the cable of nerve fibers with carries the electrical signals from the retina to the brain for processing. The point of departure of that optic nerve through the retina does not have any rods or cones, and thus produces a "blind spot". 视神经是由神经纤维组成的电缆，负责将视网膜上的电信号传递至大脑进行处理。视神经从视网膜穿出的部位没有视杆细胞或视锥细胞，因此形成一个‘盲点’。