French Horn

The French Horn

法国号

At 12 ft for the F horn, the longest of the brass instruments except for the tuba. Piston valves and rotary valves. Hand closure gives half step sharp, but physically it increases the acoustic mass and lowers the resonance. The usual description says that the hand closure makes the note closer to the next mode up so that the column jumps to the next resonance during the hand closure. The first valve lowers the pitch a whole step, the second a half and third a step and a half. The Kruspe double horn has a horn in F and a horn in B with about three feet difference in column length.

在F号号角上，除了低音号之外，这是铜管乐器中最长的。活塞阀和旋转阀。手部关闭会使音调升高半音，但物理上会增加声学质量并降低共振。通常的说法是，手部关闭会使音符更接近下一个音阶，因此在手部关闭时，管柱会跳转到下一个共振。第一个阀门降低一个全音，第二个降低半音，第三个降低一个音阶和半音。Kruspe双号号角有一个F号号角和一个B号号角，两者的管柱长度大约相差三英尺。

Resonance curve

共振曲线

Further details

进一步详情

The French Horn

法国号

Though perhaps tracing its ancestry back to the use of animal horns by primitive man, the modern horn took a recognizable form in the 18th century. It was made with a flaring bell and one or two loops. It was made in the key of F with a length of about 12 ft and in a key of C with about 8ft of length. It became known in England about this time, and they called it the French horn. Starting in the 1710s, adding interchangeable extra crooks allowed a performer to change the length of the horn to alter its pitch. German hornist Anton Joseph Hampel discovered that hand stopping the horn allowed the player a few more notes. Modern French horns have three valves which lower the pitch a semitone, a tone, and three semitones (minor third). The valves of a horn are typically rotary valves. By the end of the 19th century, the horn in F had become standard. It is now typically combined with a shorter horn in B-flat to give a better high range. A fourth valve (thumb valve) is used to change between the F and the B-flat horn. Backus, as a horn player, comments that the F horn is usually used for low notes and the B-flat horn for high notes.

尽管可能追溯到原始人使用动物 horn 的历史，现代 horn 在18世纪末才呈现出可辨识的形态。它由扩大的喇叭口和一个或两个环形部分构成。它在F调时长约12英尺，在C调时长约8英尺。这种 horn 在此时期在英国流行起来，人们称它为法国 horn。从1710年代开始，加入可互换的额外管段使演奏者能够通过改变 horn 的长度来改变其音调。德国 horn 演奏家Anton Joseph Hampel发现，用手堵住 horn 可以让演奏者多演奏几个音符。现代法国 horn 有三个阀门，可以分别降低音高一个半音、一个全音和三个半音（小三度）。horn 的阀门通常是旋转阀门。到19世纪末，F调 horn 已成为标准。现在它通常与一个较短的B-flat调horn 结合使用，以获得更好的高音范围。一个第四阀门（拇指阀门）用于在F调和B-flat调horn 之间切换。Backus作为horn 演奏家评论说，F调horn 通常用于低音，而B-flat调horn 用于高音。

One characteristic of the French horn is the existence of well defined resonances up to the 22nd or beyond, playable up to at least the 16th harmonic, compared to about 9 playable resonances for the trumpet and trombone. Playing with the hand somewhat in the bell is also unique; it increases the acoustic mass of the air column and lowers the resonances. Backus comments that it helps with control of the tone quality and intonation. It also allows the instrument to produce resonant peaks out to about 1500 Hz, compared to about 750 Hz without hand closure.

法国号的一个特点是其共振峰可延伸至第22次或更高级别，可演奏至至少第16次泛音，这比小号和低音号的约9个可演奏共振峰要多。用手在喇叭口附近演奏也是其独特之处；这会增加空气柱的声学质量并降低共振频率。Backus指出，这种演奏方式有助于控制音色和音准。它还使乐器能够在约1500 Hz处产生共振峰，而不用手封闭时仅能达到约750 Hz。

French Horn Resonance Data

法国号共振数据

Backus' data on the French horn resonances shows that there are a large number of sharp resonances. This enables the French horn player to sound notes at higher harmonics than most brass instruments. As with other brass instruments, the lowest resonance is out of tune with the other resonances, and the pedal tone is necessary if the 1st harmonic of the resonant sequence is to be sounded.

Backus 对法国号共振的研究表明，存在大量尖锐的共振。这使得法国号演奏者能够发出比大多数铜管乐器更高的泛音。与其他铜管乐器一样，最低的共振音与其它共振音不一致，因此如果要发出共振序列中的第一泛音，就需要使用踏板音。

22 resonances are shown, and Backus comments that there were about 6 more that were measurable, though decreasing in amplitude rapidly.

显示了22个共振，Backus指出还有大约6个可测量的共振，但振幅迅速减小。