Playing Ranges of Instruments乐器的演奏范围
参考文献：Rossing, 《声音的科学》，第219页；White & White，第280页 |
Index References Rossing White & White Rossing White & White索引参考 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Formant Frequencies共振频率
These formant frequencies in Hertz for orchestral instruments are suggested by Backus, Ch 6, Table I.
A formant is a favored frequency range of a musical instrument, demonstrated by a peak in the harmonic spectrum of the sound of the instrument. This favored frequency may stay essentially the same even if the fundamental is continually changing. The relative stability of the favored frequency with changing fundamental pitch may be associated with some sort of resonance. But as Wolfe has pointed out, the resultant favored frequency is not in general equal to a specific resonant frequency of the structure, though resonances are part of the determining causes. Since the confluence of several factors may influence the actual peaks of the harmonic spectrum, perhaps the best use of the word formant is just as a term to reference the observed peaks. 共振是指乐器声音的某个频率范围，这在乐器声音的谐波谱中表现为一个峰值。这种 favored 频率即使在基频不断变化时也可能保持基本稳定。随着基频的变化，这种 favored 频率的相对稳定性可能与某种共振有关。但如Wolfe所指出的，结果的 favored 频率通常不等于结构的特定共振频率，尽管共振是决定因素之一。由于多种因素可能影响实际的谐波谱峰值，或许将‘formant’一词仅仅作为参考观察到的峰值的术语是最合适的。
The concept of formants is particularly important in understanding speech, since the vocal formants provide much of the distinction between sustained vowel sounds. Formants also occur with musical instruments, and are of particular note with woodwinds. For example, the bassoon shows formant behavior over much of its playing range. 共振的概念在理解语音方面尤为重要，因为共振峰在区分持续的元音声音方面起着重要作用。共振现象也出现在乐器中，尤其是在木管乐器中尤为明显。例如，低音管在很大程度上在其演奏范围内都表现出共振特性。
这些由Backus在第6章表I中建议的管弦乐器的共振频率（单位：赫兹） |
Index Musical acoustics applications Reference Backus Wolfe, Formants 索引音乐声学应用参考Backus Wolfe，共振峰 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Power Output, Musical Instruments功率输出，乐器
Measured greatest power output 测量的最大功率输出
The maximum acoustic efficency of an orchestral instrument appears to ba about 1%. From Backus, p52. 管弦乐器的最大声学效率似乎约为1%。见Backus，第52页。
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Index Musical acoustics applications Reference Backus 索引 音乐声学应用 参考 Backus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Composition of the Orchestra管弦乐队的组成
The standard orchestra consists of four major families of instruments: woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The woodwind section usually consists of two to four flutes, two to four oboes, two to three clarinets, and two to four bassoons. The brass section consists of four to seven French horns, three to four trumpets, three to four trombones, and one tuba. The orchestral strings are usually divided into twenty-two to thirty five violins, eight to fourteen violas, six to twelve violincellos, and five to ten doublebasses. 标准的管弦乐队由四个主要乐器家族组成：木管乐器、铜管乐器、打击乐器和弦乐器。木管乐器部分通常包括两到四个 flute，两到四个 oboe，两到三个 clarinet，以及两到四个 bassoon。铜管乐器部分通常包括四到七个 French horn，三到四个 trumpet，三到四个 trombone，以及一个 tuba。弦乐器通常分为二十-two 到 thirty five 小提琴，八到十四把中提琴，六到十二把大提琴，以及五到十把低音提琴。
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Index Musical acoustics applications Reference Backus 索引 音乐声学应用 参考 Backus | ||
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