Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版：英文原文完整保留，中文紧随对应单元；术语采用 v20260916 确认表，自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Equipotential Lines

等势线

Equipotential lines are like contour lines on a map which trace lines of equal altitude. In this case the "altitude" is electric potential or voltage. Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to the electric field. In three dimensions, the lines form equipotential surfaces. Movement along an equipotential surface requires no work because such movement is always perpendicular to the electric field.

等势线就像地图上的等高线，描绘的是等同高度的线。在这种情况下，‘高度’对应于电势或电压。等势线总是垂直于电场。在三维空间中，这些线形成等势面。沿着等势面移动不需要做功，因为这种移动总是垂直于电场。
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Voltage concepts
索引 电压概念
 
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Equipotential Lines: Constant Field

等势线：恒定场
For parallel conducting plates like those in a capacitor, the electric field lines are perpendicular to the plates and the equipotential lines are parallel to the plates.
对于像电容器中的那样平行导体板，电场线垂直于板，等势线平行于板。
Other charge geometries
其他电荷几何形状
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索引 电压概念
 
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Equipotential lines: point charge

等势线：点电荷

The electric potential of a point charge is given by

点电荷的电势由

so that the radius r determines the potential. The equipotential lines are therefore circles and a sphere centered on the charge is an equipotential surface. The dashed lines illustrate the scaling of voltage at equal increments - the equipotential lines get further apart with increasing r.

这样，半径r决定了电势。因此，等势线是圆，以电荷为中心的球面是一个等势面。虚线展示了电压在相等增量下的缩放情况——随着r的增加，等势线逐渐远离。
Other charge geometries
其他电荷几何形状
 Index

Voltage concepts
索引 电压概念
 
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Equipotential lines: dipole

等势线：偶极子

The electric potential of a dipole show mirror symmetry about the center point of the dipole. They are everywhere perpendicular to the electric field lines. The plane perpendicular to the line between the charges at the midpoint is an equipotential plane with potential zero.

电偶极子的电势表现出关于偶极子中心点的镜像对称性。它们处处垂直于电场线。在电荷之间连线的中点处垂直于该连线的平面是一个电势为零的等势面。
Other charge geometries
其他电荷几何形状
 Index

Voltage concepts

Electric dipole concepts
索引电压概念 电偶极子概念
 
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