Intrusive Rocks侵入岩
Igneous rocks which form by the crystallization of magma at a depth within the Earth are called intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks are characterized by large crystal sizes, i.e., their visual appearance shows individual crystals interlocked together to form the rock mass. The cooling of magma deep in the Earth is typically much slower than the cooling process at the surface, so larger crystals can grow. Rocks with visible crystals of roughly the same size are said to have a phaneritic texture. 形成于地球内部深处的岩浆结晶的岩浆岩称为侵入岩。侵入岩的特点是晶体较大，即其外观显示个体晶体相互交错在一起形成岩体。地球深处的岩浆冷却通常比地表的冷却过程要慢得多，因此可以形成较大的晶体。具有可见且大小大致相同的晶体的岩石被称为phaneritic结构。
A body of intrusive igneous rock that crystallizes from cooling magmas beneath the Earth's surface is called a "pluton". If the pluton is large, it may be called a batholith or a stock. Minor plutons include dikes and sills. If a penetrating intrusion cuts across the geological layers it is called a dike. If it runs parallel to the layers, it is called a sill. If an intrusion causes the rocks above to rise and form a dome, it is called a laccolith. 一个侵入性火成岩体，由地表以下冷却的岩浆结晶而成，称为‘ pluton ’。如果 pluton 很大，可能称为 batholith 或 stock。较小的 pluton 包括 dikes 和 sills。如果一个侵入体穿透地质层并横跨层理，称为 dike。如果它与层理平行，称为 sill。如果侵入体使上部岩石隆起并形成穹窿，称为 laccolith。 References: geocases.uk. 参考文献：geocases.uk。维基百科：dike |
Index Igneous rock concepts Reference Lutgens & Tarbuck Ch 3 索引 火成岩概念 参考 Lutgens & Tarbuck 第3章 | ||
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Extrusive Rocks喷出岩
Igneous rocks which form by the crystallization of magma at the surface of the Earth are called extrusive rocks. They are characterized by fine-grained textures because their rapid cooling at or near the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow. Rocks with this fine-grained texture are called aphanitic rocks. The most common extrusive rock is basalt. 形成于地球表面的岩浆结晶的岩浆岩称为喷出岩。它们具有细粒结构，因为其在或接近地表的快速冷却没有给大晶体足够的时间生长。具有这种细粒结构的岩石称为非晶质岩。最常见的喷出岩是玄武岩。
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Index Igneous rock concepts Reference Lutgens & Tarbuck Ch 3 索引 火成岩概念 参考 Lutgens & Tarbuck 第3章 | ||
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