Topaz

拓扎

Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂

This extraordinary topaz gem is labeled 22,892.5 carats. It is displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History and it's origin is Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is cut with 172 facets and has a mass of 4.6 kg and measures about 18 cm across. It is classified as American golden topaz, and the composition is Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂, a silicate of aluminum which contains fluorine. Gem-cutter Leon Agee fashioned it over the course of two years in the late 1980's from an 11.8 kg (26 lb) crystal.

这块非凡的托帕石宝石被标记为22,892.5克拉。它陈列在史密森尼自然历史博物馆中，原产自巴西的米纳斯吉拉斯州。它有172个切面，质量为4.6千克，直径约18厘米。它被归类为美国黄金托帕石，其成分是Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂，这是一种含有氟的铝硅酸盐。宝石切割师Leon Agee在20世纪80年代末的两年内，从一块11.8千克（26磅）的晶体中将其加工而成。

Topaz has a hardness of 8.

拓扎的硬度为8。

Some of the topaz crystals which come out of Brazil are enormous! The tallest crystal at right is about 50 cm tall. And the crystal below is even bigger, measuring 60-70 cm across. It is from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

巴西产出的一些拓拉斯晶体非常巨大！右边的最高晶体约有50厘米高。下面的晶体更大，直径达60至70厘米。它来自巴西的米纳斯吉拉斯州。

These two topaz crystals are 50.4 kg (111 lb) and 31.8 kg (70 lb). They are from Minas Gerais, Brazil. These are to of the finest large topaz crystals. Before coming to the Smithsonian, they were slated to be cut up for use in scientific instruments. What look like bubbles rising inside are imprints of albite crystals that once grew against the back surfaces of the crystals.

这两种拓拉斯石重50.4千克（111磅）和31.8千克（70磅）。它们来自巴西的米纳斯吉拉斯州。这些是目前最优质的大型拓拉斯石。在来到史密森尼学会之前，它们原本计划被切割成小块用于科学仪器。看起来像气泡上升的是曾经生长在晶体背面的长石晶体的印记。

This topaz sphere measures 12,555 carats. The pale golden sphere has over 1000 facets, cut by a gem cutter in Idar-Oberstein, Germany in a location where there have been gem cutters since the 15th century.

这个拓azes 球重12,555克拉。淡金色的球体有超过1000个切面，由德国伊达尔-奥伯斯坦的宝石切割师切割，该地自15世纪以来就有宝石切割师。

The source of the topaz is listed as Minas Gerais, Brazil, the origin of so many other remarkably large crystals.

拓azes的来源标注为巴西的米纳斯吉拉斯州，这是许多其他异常巨大晶体的来源。

Behind the sphere is the back side of the large gem shown at the top.

在球体后方是顶部所示大宝石的背面。

This example of a growth habit of topaz is from Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah. It is described as being formed with bixbyite. The overall sample size is about 10x5 cm.

这个拓扎石生长习性的例子来自犹他州朱拔县托马斯·兰格。它被描述为由比由石形成。整体样品尺寸约为10x5厘米。

The source of these topaz samples and gems at left and below is listed as Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Most topaz is pale or colorless. These examples of the highly prized golden, or imperial, topaz come from Brazil, it's only known source. The tallest column at left is about 20 cm high.

左边和下方这些拓扎样品和宝石的来源标注为巴西巴伊亚州奥鲁普里托。大多数拓扎都是浅色或无色的。这些珍贵的金色、或称为帝王级的拓扎样品来自巴西，这是已知的唯一来源。左边的最高柱大约高20厘米。

The left sample above is from Sakangyi, Mogok, Burma and is about 20cm high. The right sample is from Ariranha, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

This topaz sample is from Aguas Vermelhos, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample is about 17 cm wide, and the sample in front of it is a segment of that sample which has been irradiated, showing that irradiation can change the color centers in such crystals.

这个拓拉斯样品来自巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的Aguas Vermelhos。该样品宽约17厘米，前面的样品是该样品的一部分，已受到辐照，显示出辐照可以改变这类晶体中的色心。

上图左侧样本来自缅甸的Sakangyi和Mogok，高度约为20厘米。右侧样本来自巴西的Minas Gerais的Arianha。

These are examples of irradiated topaz, all from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The left gem is 7,033 carats, the center gem 571.5 carats, and the right gem 2470 carats. The left gem is about 10 cm wide.

These topaz samples are from Volodarsk Volynskiy, Zhitomir, Ukraine. The right sample is about 15 cm wide.

这些拓拉斯石样品来自乌克兰扎托莫尔地区。右边的样品宽约15厘米。

These blue topaz samples are from Mursinka, Neyva River, Ekaterinburg, Urals, Russia. The gem is 815.6 carats. The crystal sample is about 12 cm wide.
这些蓝色托帕石样品来自俄罗斯乌拉尔山脉的埃卡特琳堡，尼耶瓦河，穆尔辛卡。该宝石重815.6克拉。晶体样品宽约12厘米。

This topaz crystal was so large, its transfer to the Smithsonian made the newspaper! The 75 kg (153 lb) crystal was the first giant gem-quality topaz crystal found. It weighed in at 350,000 carats. It was discovered in the late 1930s in Brazil. Later discoveries in the same area turned up a crystal more than four times this size. It is from Ferros, Brazil and scales about 35x45 cm.

这块拓拉斯晶体如此庞大，将其转交给史密森尼学会让报纸都轰动了！这块重75公斤（153磅）的晶体是首个发现的巨型宝石级拓拉斯晶体，重350,000克拉。它于20世纪30年代末在巴西发现。之后在同一地区又发现了超过它四倍大小的晶体。它来自巴西的费罗斯，尺寸约为35厘米×45厘米。

The top two topaz gems shown below are 155.5 and 296.6 carats and are from Alabashka, Mursinka, Ekaterinburg, Urals, Russia. The bottom two gems are 18.1 and 50.8 carats and are from Naegi district, Gifu, Japan.

下面所示的前两个祖母绿宝石重155.5和296.6克拉，产自俄罗斯乌拉尔地区的阿尔巴什卡、穆尔辛卡和叶卡捷琳堡。后两个宝石重18.1和50.8克拉，产自日本岐阜县那加市区。

The sample below is described as topaz with elbaite, lepidolite and albite. It is about 12x13 cm and is from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample at right is described as topaz with quartz and albite. It is about 13x14 cm and is from Dassu mine, Skardu, Northern Areas, Pakistan.
下面的样品描述为含电气石、锂辉石和长石的拓拉斯石。其尺寸约为12x13厘米，产自巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州。右侧的样品描述为含石英和长石的拓拉斯石。其尺寸约为13x14厘米，产自巴基斯坦斯卡杜矿，位于北阿克兰地区。

The composite above shows a variety of topaz gems. Starting at the top and proceeding clockwise, the descriptions are as follows:

43.7 carat gem from Maine.
来自缅因州的43.7克拉宝石。
49.9 and 17 carat gems from Ware mine, Aguanga Mountain, California.
来自加利福尼亚州阿古安加山的瓦尔矿的49.9和17克拉宝石。
24.4 carat gem from Bald Face Mountain, North Chatham, New Hampshire.
来自北切萨米州新罕布什尔州巴尔德脸山的24.4克拉宝石。
146.4 carat gem from Mason County, Texas.
来自德克萨斯州马森县的146.4克拉宝石。
187.2 carat gem from Minas Gerais, Brazil
来自巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的187.2克拉宝石
The same 43.7 carat gem shown as 1, plus a topaz mineral sample from Maine.
同图1中所示的43.7克拉宝石相同，再加上来自缅因州的一种石英矿石样本。
18.1 and 50.8 carat gems from Naegi district, Gifu, Japan.
来自日本爱知郡Naegi地区的18.1和50.8克拉宝石。

上图展示了多种托帕石宝石。从上到下依次为：

The sample at left is described as topaz with albite and quartz. It is about 14x25 cm and is from Little Three mine, Ramona, California.

左图所示的样本被描述为含长石和石英的托帕石。其尺寸约为14x25厘米，来自加利福尼亚州拉蒙娜的Little Three矿。

The sample below is topaz with quartz and albite from Mursinka, Neyva River, Ekaterinburg, Urals, Russia. It is about 12 cm wide.