Aluminum
铝
Aluminum is an abundant, light, and strong metal which has found many uses. The main drawback to its use is the large amount of energy necessary to refine it from its common ore, bauxite. The recycling of aluminum scrap metal saves over 90% of the energy required to separate aluminum from bauxite.
铝是一种 abundant（丰富）、light（轻）且 strong（强）的金属，已被广泛用于许多领域。其主要缺点是将其从常见的氧化铝矿石中提炼所需的能量很大。回收铝废金属可以节省超过90%的分离铝与氧化铝所需能量。
Aluminum is only about one third as dense as iron, but some of its alloys, such as duraluminum are as strong as mild steel. Duraluminum is formed from 94.3% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5% manganese, 0.5% magnesium, and 0.7% silicon. While much stronger than pure aluminum, this alloy is less resistant to corrosion and is often clad with pure aluminum.
铝的密度只有铁的三分之一左右，但其某些合金，如硬铝，强度可以达到普通钢的水平。硬铝由94.3%的铝、4%的铜、0.5%的锰、0.5%的镁和0.7%的硅组成。虽然比纯铝强得多，但这种合金的耐腐蚀性较差，通常会用纯铝进行镀层处理。
Because of its lightness and strength, aluminum is used widely in aircraft construction. It has high electrical conductivity, 80% of that of copper, and is used in place of copper in large electrical conductors. Its drawback there is its tendency to oxidize at contacts, requiring the use of contacts coated with an antioxidant.
由于铝轻且强度高，广泛用于飞机制造。它有较高的导电性，是铜的80%，因此在大尺寸导体中常取代铜。其缺点是接触处易氧化，需要使用涂有抗氧化剂的接触材料。
Aluminum is a very active metal, a fact often disguised by the fact that it rapidly forms barrier oxide layers on exposed surfaces, inhibiting its interaction. When strongly heated it burns rapidly in air, and in the form of a fine dust is explosive.
铝是一种非常活泼的金属，这一特性常常被它在暴露表面迅速形成保护性氧化层的事实所掩盖，从而抑制了其反应性。当被强烈加热时，它在空气中迅速燃烧，并以细粉尘形式具有爆炸性。
Aluminum is one of the big 8 elements in the Earth's crust, being the third most abundant element at about 8.1% by weight. It is a constituent of the class of silicates called feldspars, which are the most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust. It is also a constituent of mica. One aluminum silicate mineral is pyrophyllite, AlSi2O5(OH). Aluminum combines with other metals in many silicates, e.g., manganese in spessartine, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3. Some aluminum silicates, like zunyite , contain fluorine and chlorine. One aluminum silicate, Al2SiO4 (F,OH)2, forms the gem mineral topaz. A silicate with potassium , KAlSi3O8, forms the mineral microcline, which can be apple green to brown in color. A silicate with calcium, zoisite forms blue gems. The aluminum silicate kyanite forms blue crystals which can be of gem quality. Other lithium aluminum silicates are spodumene, LiAlSi2O9 and petalite, LiAlSi4O10.
铝是地壳中八大元素之一，按重量计约为8.1%，是第三丰富的元素。它是称为长石类的硅酸盐的一种成分，长石是地壳中最丰富的矿物。它也是云母的一种成分。一种铝硅酸盐矿物是磷灰石，化学式为AlSi₂O₅(OH)。铝与其他金属在许多硅酸盐中结合，例如，spessartine中含有锰，化学式为Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃。一些铝硅酸盐，如zunyite，含有氟和氯。一种铝硅酸盐，Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂，形成宝石矿物石英。含有钾的硅酸盐，KAlSi₃O₈，形成矿物微斜长石，其颜色可为苹果绿至棕色。含有钙的硅酸盐，zoisite，形成蓝色宝石。铝硅酸盐kyanite形成蓝色晶体，可具有宝石品质。其他锂铝硅酸盐包括spodumene，LiAlSi₂O₉和petalite，LiAlSi₄O₁₀。
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is called alumina and occurs in nature as the mineral corundum. Corundum and impure corundum called emery are used in making abrasive cloths and wheels. Pure corundum is colorless, but the addition of a small impurity of chromic oxide can make the precious stone ruby (red) and the addition of titanium oxide can make sapphire (blue and other colors). Another oxide of aluminum is diaspore, AlO(OH).
氧化铝，化学式为Al₂O₃，称为刚玉，以矿物刚玉的形式存在于自然界中。刚玉和含杂质的刚玉称为刚玉石，用于制造磨料布和轮子。纯刚玉是无色的，但加入少量铬氧化物杂质可使其成为珍贵的红宝石（红色），而加入氧化钛则可使其成为蓝宝石（蓝色和其他颜色）。另一种铝的氧化物是 Diaspore，化学式为AlO(OH)。
Aluminum along with magnesium form the oxide mineral spinel. Aluminum with zinc forms the oxide mineral gahnite. Aluminum with boron and fluorine form the oxide (borate) Jeremejevite.
One aluminum phosphate mineral is variscite, AlPO4.2H2O, which exhibits an apple green color and is popular as an ornamental stone. An aluminum phosphate with fluorine content is Wavellite. Another phosphate mineral of aluminum with sodium is Brazilianite, which can also be of gem quality. Aluminum appears with magnesium and iron in the phosphate lazulite . Phosphates of aluminum and iron are vauxite and paravauxite. A phosphate of aluminum and sodium is Wardite.
一种铝磷酸盐矿物是variscite，化学式为AlPO₄·2H₂O，呈苹果绿色，常作为装饰石使用。含氟的铝磷酸盐称为Wavellite。另一种含钠的铝磷酸盐矿物是Brazilianite，也可作为宝石使用。铝与镁和铁共同存在于磷酸 lazulite 中。铝和铁的磷酸盐分别是vauxite和paravauxite。铝和钠的磷酸盐是Wardite。
Aluminum sulfate is used in water purification. It is also used as a mordant in the dying of cloth. A mordant fixes the dye to the cloth, rendering it insoluble.
硫酸铝用于水的净化。它还用作染布时的媒染剂。媒染剂使染料固定在布上，使其不溶于水。
Aluminum has excellent reflective properties and is widely used in evaporated coatings for the manufacture of mirrors.
铝具有优良的反射性能，广泛用于制造镜子的蒸发镀层。
铝与镁共同形成氧化物矿物尖晶石。铝与锌形成氧化物矿物高恩石。铝与硼和氟共同形成氧化物（硼酸盐）矿物杰雷梅耶夫石。 |
