Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版：英文原文完整保留，中文紧随对应单元；术语采用 v20260916 确认表，自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Hydrocarbons

碳氢化合物

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds. Containing only carbon and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched chain, or cyclic molecules. Carbon tends to form four bonds in a tetrahedral geometry. Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed when there is a substitution of a functional group at one or more of these positions.

烃类是 simplest 的有机化合物。仅由碳和氢组成，它们可以是直链、支链或环状分子。碳倾向于形成四个键，呈四面体几何构型。当在这些位置之一或多个上替换一个功能基团时，就会形成烃衍生物。
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Organic chemistry concepts

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Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

碳氢化合物衍生物

An almost unlimited number of carbon compounds can be formed by the addition of a functional group to a hydrocarbon.

可以由在烷烃上添加一个官能团形成几乎无限数量的碳化合物。
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Functional Groups

功能基团

A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule. The combinations of functional groups with hydrocarbons produce a vast number of compounds. Particular types of reactions are associated with the functional groups with different structural attachments, giving rise to names associated with such compounds.

一个功能基团是分子中的一个反应性部分。功能基团与碳氢化合物的组合可以产生大量化合物。特定类型的反应与不同的结构基团相关联，从而产生具有此类化合物的命名。

There are names associated with the functional groups themselves - a good collection of such groups with their names can be found in Wikipedia. A few examples are given below.

与功能团本身相关的名称也存在—— Wikipedia 上列出了许多这样的功能团及其名称。以下是一些例子。

Organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are known as alcohols. Hydroxyl wiki.

含有羟基的有机分子称为醇。Hydroxyl wiki。

Note that the carbonyl group is the functional group involved with several of the hydrocarbon derivatives shown above. Carbonyl wiki.

请注意，羰基是上述几种碳氢衍生物中所涉及的功能基团。Carbonyl wiki

The carboxyl group is present in amino acids and carboxylic acids. Note that it is a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group. Carboxyl wiki.

羧基存在于氨基酸和羧酸中。请注意，它是一个羟基与羰基相连的基团。Carboxyl wiki
 Index

Organic chemistry concepts

Chemistry concepts
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