Early Earth Satellites早期地球卫星
The first artificial satellite of the Earth was the Russian Sputnik; the year of launch, 1957, marked the beginning of the space age. The first U.S. satellite was the Explorer, which discovered the inner Van Allen radiation belt. The Vangaurd series of rockets in the late 50's also contributed. The Pioneer series started with 1-3 in 1958, giving new data about the Earth including the discovery of a second Van Allen belt. 地球的第一颗人造卫星是俄罗斯的斯普特尼克；1957年发射，标志着空间时代的开始。美国的第一颗卫星是探险者号，发现了内层范艾伦辐射带。20世纪50年代末的范艾伦系列火箭也有所贡献。先锋系列于1958年启动，从1-3号开始，提供了关于地球的新数据，包括发现了第二个范艾伦辐射带。
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Sputnik卫星
Sputnik 1 was the first successful artificial earth satellite. It was launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957. It was an aluminum sphere of diameter 58 cm with a mass of 83 kg. It orbited the earth in 96.2 min in an elliptic orbit with apogee 946 km and perigee 227 km. It carried instruments which transmitted data about cosmic rays, meteoroids, temperature, and air density. It lasted 57 days before decay of the orbit brought it to a fiery reentry into the atmosphere. 斯普特尼克1号是第一个成功的人造地球卫星。它于1957年10月由苏联发射。它是一个直径58厘米的铝球，质量为83千克。它以96.2分钟的周期绕地球运行，轨道是椭圆的，近地点227公里，远地点946公里。它携带了仪器，传输了关于宇宙射线、陨石、温度和空气密度的数据。它运行了57天后，轨道衰变导致它最终以炽热的方式重新进入大气层。
Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 with a dog aboard and relayed the first physiological data from space. Sputnik 2 remained aloft for 162 days. The U.S. launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958 while Sputnik 2 was still aloft. 斯普特尼克2号于1957年11月3日发射，搭载了一只狗，并首次从空间传回了生理数据。斯普特尼克2号在空间中停留了162天。美国于1958年1月31日发射了其第一颗卫星“探险者1号”，当时斯普特尼克2号仍处于空间中。
Sputnik 3, launched on May 15, 1958, was a massive 1327 kg spacecraft which spent two years aloft measuring solar radiation, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields. 1958年5月15日发射的斯普特尼克3号是一艘重1327千克的航天器，飞行了两年，用于测量太阳辐射、宇宙射线和磁场。
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Explorer探测器
Spurred on by the prior launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik, the U.S. launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958. It was a cylindrical spacecraft of diameter 15 cm and length 203 cm with mass 14 kg. It transmitted measurements of cosmic rays for 112 days and gave the first satellite data on radiation. 受苏联成功发射斯普特尼克卫星的激励，美国于1958年1月31日发射了其第一颗卫星“探险者1号”。该卫星是一个直径15厘米、长度203厘米、质量14千克的圆柱形航天器。它在112天内传输了关于宇宙射线的测量数据，提供了卫星首次的辐射数据。
That data led to the discovery of the Van Allen belts. It carried a Geiger counter for radiation detection. 那些数据导致了范艾伦辐射带的发现。它配备了一个盖革计数器用于辐射检测。
After the launching of Vangaurd 2, Explorer 3 was launched on March 26, 1958. 在范格鲁德2号发射之后，探索者3号于1958年3月26日发射。
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VangaurdVanguard
Vangaurd 2 was launched by the U.S. on March 17, 1958. It transmitted data which allowed precise measurement of the earth and showed that the earth is slightly pear-shaped. Vangaurd had an effective solar array to power it and was able to transmit signals for more than six years. Vangaurd 2于1958年3月17日由美国发射。它传输的数据使能够精确测量地球，并表明地球略微呈梨形。Vangaurd配备了有效的太阳能阵列以供电，并能够持续传输信号超过六年。
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