Black Holes

Black Hole Conditions

黑洞条件

After collapse to the neutron star stage, stars with masses less than 2-3 solar masses should remain neutron stars, gradually radiating away their energy, because there is no known mechanism for further combination, and forces between neutrons prevent further collapse. But this neutron force is the last stand, and our best calculations indicate that this repulsion which prevents collapse cannot withstand the gravity force of masses greater than 2 to 3 solar masses. Such neutron stars would collapse toward zero spatial extent - toward a "singularity". Once they collapsed past a certain radius, the "event horizon", then even light could not escape: black hole. Since black holes by their very definition cannot be directly observed, proving their existence is difficult. The indirect evidence for the black hole Cygnus X-1 is a good example of the search for black holes.

在坍缩到中子星阶段后，质量小于2-3倍太阳质量的恒星应保持为中子星，逐渐辐射掉其能量，因为尚无已知的机制能进一步结合，中子之间的力也阻止进一步坍缩。但这种中子力是最后的防线，我们的最佳计算表明，这种阻止坍缩的排斥力无法承受超过2到3倍太阳质量的重力力。这样的中子星将坍缩至零空间范围——趋向于一个‘奇点’。一旦坍缩超过一定半径，形成‘事件视界’，连光也无法逃逸：黑洞。由于黑洞按其定义无法直接观测，证明其存在是困难的。Cygnus X-1黑洞的间接证据是寻找黑洞的一个良好例子。

The Schwarzschild Radius

施瓦茨希尔德半径

Any mass can become a black hole if it collapses down to the Schwarzschild radius - but if a mass is over some critical value between 2 and 3 solar masses and has no fusion process to keep it from collapsing, then gravitational forces alone make the collapse to a black hole inevitable. Down past electron degeneracy, on past neutron degeneracy and then on past the Schwarzchild radius to collapse toward zero spatial extent - the singularity. The Schwarzschild radius (event horizon) just marks the radius of a sphere past which we can get no particles, no light, no information.

任何质量如果坍缩到施瓦茨希尔德半径，都可以成为黑洞——但如果一个质量超过2到3个太阳质量之间的一个临界值，并且没有核融合过程来阻止它坍缩，那么引力本身将不可避免地导致坍缩成黑洞。从电子简并态，经过中子简并态，最终越过施瓦茨希尔德半径，坍缩至零空间延伸——奇点。施瓦茨希尔德半径（事件视界）仅仅标志着一个球体的半径，超过这个半径，我们再也无法获得任何粒子、任何光、任何信息。

R S = km = meters = x 10^ m.（专名或术语）

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：rk 2：r 3：rb 4：rp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Black Hole Description

黑洞描述

One of the terms used with black holes is "photon sphere", the radius of the orbit of light around the black hole. For 3 solar masses this radius is 13.5 km, 3/2 x the event horizon radius. The event horizon radius is also called the Schwarzschild radius.

与黑洞相关的术语之一是“光子球”，即光围绕黑洞的轨道半径。对于3个太阳质量的黑洞，这个半径为13.5公里，是事件视界半径的1.5倍。事件视界半径也称为施瓦茨希尔德半径。

Black Hole Conditions

The Schwarzschild Radius

Black Hole Description

Calculation