Influences on Atomic Energy Levels对原子能级的影响
 Adapted from Leighton. Energies are not to scale. 改编自Leighton。能量值已不按比例表示。
The labeling of the diagrams follows the scheme of the spectroscopic notation. 图的标注遵循光谱符号的方案
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Index Atomic structure concepts References Leighton Sec. 8-3 Thornton & Rex Ch 9 索引 原子结构概念 参考文献 雷顿 第8-3节 托纳和雷克斯 第9章 | ||
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Influences on Atomic Energy Levels对原子能级的影响
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Index Atomic structure concepts References Leighton Sec. 8-3 Thornton & Rex Ch 9 索引 原子结构概念 参考文献 雷顿 第8-3节 托纳和雷克斯 第9章 | ||
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Spin-Spin Interaction自旋-自旋相互作用
The effect of the spin-spin interaction is noted in Hund's rule #1. If you have two electrons, then the state in which their spins are parallel (S=1, triplet state) will be lower in energy than the state in which their spins are antiparallel (S=0, singlet state). 自旋-自旋相互作用的影响在洪德规则#1中有所体现。如果你有两个电子，那么它们自旋平行（S=1，三重态）的状态比自旋反平行（S=0，单重态）的状态能量更低。
This result is correlated with the fact that the two electrons are identical fermions, and a wavefunction which describes the pair must be antisymmetric with respect to exchange of the electrons ( a requirement of the Pauli exclusion principle). The wavefunction can be considered to be the product of the space and spin wavefunctions: 这一结果与两个电子是相同的费米子有关，且描述这对电子的波函数必须在交换电子时是反对称的（这是泡利不相容原理的要求）。波函数可以看作是空间波函数和自旋波函数的乘积：
 The fact that the spins are parallel makes the spin part of the wavefunction symmetric, and forces the space part to be antisymmetric. An anti-symmetric space wavefunction for the two electrons implies a larger average distance between them than a symmetric function of the same type. The probability is the square of the wavefunction, and from a simple functional point of view, the square of an antisymmetric function must go to zero at the origin. So in general, the probability for small separations of the two electrons is smaller than for a symmetric space wavefunction. If the electrons are on the average further apart, then there will be less shielding from the nucleus by the other electron, and a given electron will therefore be more exposed to the nucleus. This implies that it will be more tightly bound and of lower energy. 自旋平行的事实使波函数的自旋部分对称，从而迫使空间部分为反对称。两个电子的反对称空间波函数意味着它们之间的平均距离比相同类型的对称函数更大。概率是波函数的平方，从简单的功能角度来看，反对称函数的平方在原点处必须趋于零。因此，一般而言，两个电子小距离的概率比对称空间波函数的小。如果电子平均距离更远，那么一个电子将受到另一个电子的屏蔽作用更小，因此更暴露于核。这表明它将更紧密地结合，具有更低的能量。
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Index Atomic structure concepts 索引 原子结构概念 | ||
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Orbit-Orbit Interaction轨道-轨道相互作用
If two electrons in an atom spend a lot of time close to each other, then they contribute a repulsive or positive potential energy, implying that their energy level will be higher. If the electrons are orbiting in the same direction (and so have a large total angular momentum) they meet less often than when they orbit in opposite directions. Hence their repulsion is less on average when L is large. The fact that such electron configurations have lower energy means that they will be filled first, and this fact is noted in "Hund's rule #2". 如果原子中的两个电子花了很多时间彼此靠近，那么它们会贡献出排斥或正的势能，这意味着它们的能量级会更高。如果电子以相同方向运动（因此总角动量较大），它们相遇的次数比以相反方向运动时更少。因此，当L较大时，它们的排斥作用平均更小。这种电子构型具有较低的能量，因此会优先被填充，这一事实在‘洪德规则#2’中被提及。
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Index Atomic structure concepts 索引 原子结构概念 | ||
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