Auger Effect

The Auger effect is a process by which electrons with characteristic energies are ejected from atoms in response to a downward transition by another electron in the atom. In Auger spectroscopy, the vacancy is produced by bombardment with high energy electrons, but the Auger effect can occur if the vacancy is produced by other interactions. It is observed as one of the methods of electron rearrangement after electron capture into the nucleus.

The diagram of Auger electron emission above is over-simplified because the energy transferred to the outer electron to eject it would not in general be transferred entirely to that electron, but could also produce a photon along with the ejected electron. Taking as an example a transition that produced a Kα x-ray, the illustration at right shows the energy of the Kα x-ray photon divided between the kinetic energy of the Auger electron and an emitted photon after overcoming the electron binding energy U. 上图所示的电子发射图示过于简化，因为外层电子被击出时所获得的能量通常不会完全转移到该电子，也可能同时产生一个光子。以产生Kα X射线的跃迁为例，右侧的图示显示了Kα X射线光子的能量在Auger电子的动能和克服电子结合能U后发出的光子之间分配。

If an inner shell electron is removed from an atom, an electron from a higher level will quickly make the transition downward to fill the vacancy. Sometimes this transition will be accompanied by an emitted photon whose quantum energy matches the energy gap between the upper and lower level. Since for heavy atoms this quantum energy will be in the x-ray region, it is commonly called x-ray fluorescence. This emission process for lighter atoms and outer electrons gives rise to line spectra.

In other cases, the energy released by the downward transition is given to one of the outer electrons instead of to a photon, and this electron is then ejected from the atom with an energy equal to the energy lost by the electron which made the downward transition minus the binding energy of the electron that is ejected from the atom. Though more involved in interpretation than optical spectra, the analysis of the energy spectrum of these emitted electrons does give information about the atomic energy levels. The Auger effect bears some resemblance to internal conversion of the nucleus, which also ejects an electron.