Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版:英文原文完整保留,中文紧随对应单元;术语采用 v20260916 确认表,自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Mean Free Path Calculation for Hard Spheres and Viscous Gas

硬球和粘性气体的平均自由程计算

The mean free path of molecules in a gas can be modeled with the assumption that the molecules are hard spheres, and it can be modeled based on the viscosity of the gas. The intent here is to compare the results.

The mean free path equation depends upon the temperature and pressure as well as the molecular diameter.

平均自由程方程还取决于温度和压力以及分子直径。

For pressure P0 = mmHg =inHg =kPa

对于压力 P 0 = mmHg = inHg = kPa
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:pmm 2:pin 3:pk。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

and temperature T=K = C =F =R ,

以及温度 T = K = C = F = R ,
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:t 2:tc 3:tf 4:tr。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Molecules of diameter x 10-10 meters (angstroms)

直径为10^-10米的分子(埃)
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:md。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

should have a mean free path of
应有平均自由程为
= x 10^m

which is times the molecular diameter

这是分子直径的 times
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:dm。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

and times the average molecular separation of x 10^m.

乘以平均分子间距的10^m。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:sm 2:sepb 3:sepp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The values for pressure, temperature, and molecular diameter may be changed above to recalculate the mean free path. A nominal molecular diameter of 0.3nm = 3 x 10-10 m will give you a reasonable approximation. The pressure required for a given mean free path can be calculated by changing the value of the mean free path λ above. The calculation is not designed to allow any other changes (their values will be replaced unchanged by the calculation.)

压力、温度和分子直径的值可能被修改以重新计算平均自由程。一个名义上的分子直径为0.3纳米(即3×10-10米)将提供一个合理的近似值。为了计算给定平均自由程所需的压强,可以修改上方的平均自由程λ的值。该计算未设计为允许其他任何更改(它们的值将被计算过程不变地替换)。

From the mean free path and the average velocity, the mean time between collisions and the frequency of collisions can be calculated.

从平均自由程和平均速度可以计算出碰撞之间的平均时间及碰撞频率。

Treating gas molecules as hard spheres is not always a good approximation. An alternate approach to mean free path is to force it to be consistent with measured values for the viscosity of the gas. The viscosity can be modeled by Sutherland's formula. The Since Sutherland's formula is an empirical fit of measured data, the following table of reference data is needed.

Gas
气体
Sutherland's
constant C
Sutherland常数 C
T0
°R
μ0
centiPoise
μ₀ 厘泊
mass
amu
质量(原子质量单位)
standard air
标准空气
120
524.07
0.01827
28.966
ammonia, NH3
氨,NH₃
370
527.67
0.00982
17.02
carbon dioxide, CO2
二氧化碳,CO₂
240
527.67
0.01480
44.01
carbon monoxide, CO
一氧化碳,CO
118
518.67
0.01720
28.011
hydrogen, H2
氢气,H₂
72
528.93
0.00876
2.016
nitrogen, N2
氮气,N₂
111
540.99
0.01781
28.0134
oxygen, O2
氧气,O₂
127
526.05
0.02018
31.9988
sulfur dioxide, SO2
二氧化硫
416
528.57
0.01254
64.06
将气体分子视为硬球并不总是很好的近似。另一种计算平均自由程的方法是将其与气体粘度的测量值保持一致。粘度可以由Sutherland公式来建模。由于Sutherland公式是对测量数据的经验拟合,因此需要以下参考数据表。

For the temperature provided above a gas with
reference viscosity μ0 = centiPoise,

reference temperature T0 = Rankine,

参考温度 T₀ = 拉氏温度,
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:t0。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。
对于上述温度,参考粘度为μ₀ = 厘泊的气体
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:m0。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

and Sutherland's constant C =

以及萨瑟兰常数 C =
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:c。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

should have a viscosity μ = centiPoise.

应具有粘度 μ = 滞后泊斯。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:mu。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

With the value of the viscosity, another approach to estimating the mean free path of a molecule in a gas is from the relationship:

有了粘度的值,另一种估算气体中分子平均自由程的方法是从以下关系式得出的:

Then for gas molecules of mass m = amu,

然后对于质量为 m 的气体分子,
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:mmol。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the computed mean free path is λ = x 10^ m.

计算出的平均自由程为 λ = x 10^ m。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:lvb 2:lvp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。
气体中分子的平均自由程可以基于分子是硬球的假设进行建模,也可以基于气体的粘度进行建模。此处的意图是进行比较。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:mfb 2:mfp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

This calculation is just an investigation to see how closely the modeling of mean free path by hard sphere geometry and by projection from gas viscosity agree. For the projection from viscosity, standard air is used as the default, so that the values for air from the table above are substituted if no values are entered for the relevant parameters. Those values can be changed. As an example of model parameters, if you use 760mmHg for gas pressure, 0.3nm for molecular diameter, and 524.07R for temperature (the standard temperature for air in the table), the hard sphere calculation gives a mean free path of 99nm. If for the same temperature and using the standard value for air viscosity, 0.01827 centiPoise, the calculated mean free path is 65nm. If you adjust the hard sphere diameter to 0.3697nm, you bring the two estimates of mean free path into agreement, but I have no idea whether you can attach physical significance to this agreement. I would be interested in any physical data which might bear on this question.

这个计算只是为了考察用硬球几何模型和通过气体粘度投影来模拟平均自由程的准确性。对于通过粘度进行投影的情况,使用标准空气作为默认值,因此如果未输入相关参数的值,则使用表中空气的值。这些值可以被更改。例如,如果使用760mmHg作为气体压力,0.3nm作为分子直径,以及524.07R作为温度(表中标准空气温度),硬球模型计算出的平均自由程为99nm。如果在相同温度下使用标准空气粘度值0.01827厘泊,计算出的平均自由程为65nm。如果你将硬球直径调整为0.3697nm,就可以使两个平均自由程的估计值达成一致,但我并不知道这种一致性是否具有物理意义。我非常希望有任何相关的物理数据能够对此问题提供见解。

References:

参考文献:

Table of molecular masses

分子质量表
Example of mean free path compared to molecular separation.
平均自由程与分子间距的比较示例
Index

Kinetic theory concepts
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