Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版:英文原文完整保留,中文紧随对应单元;术语采用 v20260916 确认表,自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Collisions in One Dimension

一维碰撞
In the general case of a one-dimensional collision between two masses, one cannot anticipate how much kinetic energy will be lost in the collision. Therefore, the velocities of the two masses after the collision are not completely determined by their velocities before the collision. However, conservation of momentum must be satisfied, so that if the velocity of one of the particles after the collision is specified, the other is determined.

Initial conditions:

初始条件:

Mass m1 = kg , v1 = m/s.

质量 m₁ = kg , v₁ = m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:m1 2:v1。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Mass m2 = kg , v2 = m/s.

质量 m 2 = kg , v 2 = m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:m2 2:v2。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Initial momentum p = m1v1 + m2v2 = kg m/s .

初始动量 p = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = kg·m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:p。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Initial kinetic energy KE = 1/2 m1v12 + 1/2 m2v22 = joules.

初始动能 KE = 1/2 m₁ v₁² + 1/2 m₂ v₂² = 焦耳。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ke。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The following calculation expects you to enter a final velocity for mass m1 and then it calculates the final velocity of the other mass required to conserve momentum and calculates the kinetic energy either gained or lost to make possible such a collision. Keep in mind that the final velocities of the two masses cannot be predicted except in the ideal cases of perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions. If you do not enter a final velocity v'1, it will do a default routine to produce a number and then do the remainder of the calculation to be consistent with it. You can always change that default value and it will redo the calculation with the new value.

Final conditions:

最终状态:

If the velocity of mass m1 is v'1 = m/s.

若质量 m 1 的速度为 v' 1 = m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:v1p。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。
You are expected to enter a chosen final value for the velocity of m1 here.
你在此处应输入选定的m1的速度值。
以下计算要求你输入质量 m1 的最终速度,然后计算另一个质量所需的最终速度以保持动量守恒,并计算动能的获得或损失,以使这样的碰撞成为可能。请注意,两个质量的最终速度除非是在完全弹性或完全非弹性碰撞的理想情况下,否则无法预测。如果你不输入最终速度 v'1,它将执行一个默认程序生成一个数值,并继续进行其余计算以保持一致性。你总是可以更改这个默认值,它会使用新值重新进行计算。

[Once v'1 is chosen, v'2 is determined by conservation of momentum.]

Then the velocity of mass m2 is v'2 = m/s

则质量为 m 2 的速度是 v' 2 = m/s
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:v2p。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

because the final momentum is constrained to be p' = m1v'1 + m2v'2 = kg m/s .

因为最终的动量被约束为 p' = m 1 v' 1 + m 2 v' 2 = kg m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:pp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Final kinetic energy KE = 1/2 m1v'12 + 1/2 m2v'22 = joules.

最终的动能 KE = 1/2 m₁ v'₁² + 1/2 m₂ v'₂² = 焦耳。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:kep。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

For ordinary objects, the final kinetic energy will be less than the initial value. The only way you can get an increase in kinetic energy is if there is some kind of energy release triggered by the impact. Was one of your objects a hand grenade?

对于普通物体来说,最终的动能将小于初始值。要使动能增加,必须有某种能量释放是由撞击引发的。你们中的一个物体是手榴弹吗?

In the perfectly elastic case, the final velocities are constrained to be

在完全弹性的情况下,最终速度被约束为

v'1(elastic) = m/s.

v' 1 (弹性) = m/s。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:v1pe。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

v'2(elastic) = m/s

v' 2 (弹性) = m/s
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:v2pe。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

You should be able to confirm from these velocity values that the velocity of separation after the collision is equal to the velocity of approach before the collision.

你应该能从这些速度值中确认,碰撞后分离的速度等于碰撞前接近的速度。

In the perfectly inelastic case where the two masses stick together, the final velocity of the combination will be

在完全非弹性碰撞情况下,当两个质量粘在一起时,组合体的最终速度将为

vinelastic = m/s

v 不弹性 = m/s
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:vin。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

and the final kinetic energy will be

以及最终的动能将为

KEinelastic = joules.

非弹性碰撞的动能等于焦耳。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:kin。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。
一旦选择 v' 1,v' 2 就由动量守恒确定。

A suggested exploration is to set the velocity of target mass m2 equal to zero and confirm that the fraction of kinetic energy retained in the perfectly inelastic case is equal to m1/(m1 + m2). This case is of practical value in the ballistic pendulum.

一种建议的探索是将目标质量m₂的速度设为零,并确认在完全非弹性碰撞情况下,保留的动能分数等于m₁/(m₁ + m₂)。这种情况在弹道 pendulum 中具有实际价值。
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
完全非弹性碰撞

Calculation notes: This calculation is designed to calculate the velocity of the target particle after the collision, assuming that the projectile velocity after the collision is specified. Default values will be entered if no data entries are made, but mass and initial velocity values can be changed.

计算说明:此计算旨在计算碰撞后目标粒子的速度,假设碰撞后弹丸的速度已指定。如果未输入数据,则会使用默认值,但质量和初始速度值可以更改。
在一般情况下,两个质量的一维碰撞中,无法预知碰撞过程中损失的动能多少。因此,碰撞后两个质量的 velocities 不完全由碰撞前的 velocities 决定。然而,动量守恒必须满足,因此如果碰撞后一个粒子的 velocity 被指定,另一个的 velocity 就可以确定。
Index

Collision concepts
索引 碰撞概念
 
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