Electron-Positron Annihilation Provides Evidence of Three Colors for Quarks

One of the definitive experiments which supports the quark model is the high energy annihilation of electrons and positrons. The annihilation can produce muon-antimuon pairs or quark-antiquark pairs which in turn produce hadrons. The hadron events are evidence of quark production. The ratio of the number of hadron events to the number of muon events gives a measure of the number of "colors" of the quarks, and the evidence points to five quarks with three colors. With the more recent evidence for the top quark, these experiments provide support for the standard model of six quarks with three colors.

The models which are evoked to explain the experimental results illustrated below involve the calculated cross-sections for the scattering events. It is helpful that the same type of scattering events, e.g., electron-positron scattering, can yield either two muons (leptons) or a variety of hadron products, any one of which suggests the creation of quarks. The experimental handle is then the relative frequency of the hadron events compared to the muon events. The calculated ratio of the products of the scattering process is the ratio of the cross-sections, and the cross-section σ for each product is proportional to the square of its charge. Therefore the ratio of the products R depends upon the ratio of the squares of the electric charges of the products. The calculated ratio then depends upon the number of types of quark-antiquark pairs which can be produced. So it has the form

If we use the five quarks which would be available in this energy regime assuming only one color, the u, d, s, c and b quarks, then we get

which is obviously wrong compared to the experiment. But when we take into account the three colors, we obtain

This produces good agreement with the experimental observations over a wide range of energy when the quantum chromodynamic corrections are applied. Obviously, there is a great deal which is not being said here about the details of the calculations. But hopefully it can be seen that this kind of experimental evidence is a strong check on the standard quark model. It includes the model's charges of 2e/3 and e/3, the five types of quarks, and the three colors.

The sixth quark is not seen because the energies used are not sufficient to produce the top-antitop quark pair.

Jets Provide Evidence for Quark Confinement Models

Deep inelastic scattering experiments provided the evidence that the proton and neutron are made up of three more fundamental particles called quarks . One type of experiment in the proton-antiproton colliders produces jets of mesons which correlate with the models of quark confinement. As visualized in the bag model for quark confinement, an individual quark cannot be pulled free because the energy required to do it is much greater than the pair production energy of a quark-antiquark pair. If in a high energy collision, something scatters directly off one of the constituent quarks, it will give it a high energy. With an energy many times the pair production energy, it will create a jet of quark-antiquark pairs (mesons). 深度非弹性散射实验表明，质子和中子由三个更基本的粒子——夸克——组成。质子—反质子对撞的一类实验产生介子喷注，与夸克禁闭模型的预期相符。按夸克禁闭的袋模型，要把单个夸克拉成自由粒子，所需能量远高于产生夸克—反夸克对的阈值。如果高能碰撞中的粒子直接撞击强子的一个组分夸克，使其获得远高于成对产生阈值的能量，就会形成由夸克—反夸克对构成的介子喷注。