Copper
铜
Copper is a red, tough metal with a moderately high melting point. It is an excellent conductor of heat and of electricity and finds extensive use as an electric conductor.
铜是一种红色且坚韧的金属，具有中等高的熔点。它既是优良的热导体，也是优良的电导体，被广泛用作电导体。
Pure copper is soft and can be drawn into wire or hammered into desired shapes. These shaping processes cause the metal to become hard because the large crystal grains are broken into smaller grains, strengthening the metal. If the copper is subsequently heated (annealed), it can be made soft again.
纯铜质地柔软，可以拉成细丝或锤打成所需形状。这些加工过程会使金属变硬，因为大尺寸的晶体颗粒被破碎成更小的颗粒，从而增强金属的强度。如果随后对铜进行加热（退火），可以使它再次变软。
Copper and zinc are alloyed to make brass, and alloyed with tin to make bronze. Alloys of copper and aluminum are called aluminum bronze.
铜和锌混合制成黄铜，与锡混合制成青铜。铜和铝的合金称为铝青铜。
Copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H20) is a common compound of copper. Copper sulfate is used in copper plating, in fabric printing, and in electric cells. Common names are blue vitriol and blustone.
硫酸铜（CuSO₄·5H₂O）是铜的一种常见化合物。硫酸铜用于铜的电镀、织物印花以及电池中。它的常用名称是胆矾和蓝石。 Metallic copper appears in nature in a variety of mineral forms. It appears with magnesium in the carbonate mineral Callaghanite. The carbonate mineral malachite has a rich dark green color which makes it a widely used decorative material. Its companion carbonate azurite has a dramatic blue color.
Cuprite is the mineral form of the oxide Cu2O. Another, rarer, copper oxide is paramelaconite, Cu4O3. Copper forms an oxide with iron called delafossite. An oxide of copper with vanadium is volborthite. An oxide of copper with zinc, vanadium and lead is mottramite.
Cuprite 是 Cu₂O 的矿物形式。另一种更稀有的铜氧化物是 paramelaconite ，即 Cu₄O₃。铜与铁形成的氧化物称为 delafossite。铜与钒形成的氧化物是 volborthite。铜与锌、钒和铅形成的氧化物是 mottramite。
金属铜以多种矿物形式存在于自然界中。它与镁形成碳酸盐矿物Callaghanite。具有丰富深绿色的碳酸盐矿物malachite被广泛用作装饰材料。其伴生矿物碳酸盐azurite则具有鲜明的蓝色。 Copper forms the sulfides covellite, CuS, chalcocite, Cu2S, and digenite, Cu9S5. With iron it forms chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, with antimony it forms chalcostibite, CuSbS2 and with arsenic itforms chalcophyllite. Copper also forms a sulfide with bismuth called emplectite, CuBiS2. It forms a sulfide with antimony and iron called tetrahedrite.
Sulfides with iron include bornite, Cu5FeS4, and cubanite, CuFe2S3. A sulfide with arsenic is called enargite. Bournonite is a sulfide with copper, lead and antimony. Tennantite is a sulfide which contains copper, arsenic, iron and antimony. Lead, copper and iron join in the sulfide betekhtinite. Germanite is a sulfide which contains copper, germanium and iron. Stannite is a sulfide with tin and copper. Copper with silver and antimony form the sulfide polybasite.
铜形成硫化物，如covellite（CuS）、chalcocite（Cu₂S）和digenite（Cu₉S₅）。它与铁形成chalcopyrite（CuFeS₂），与锑形成chalcostibite（CuSbS₂），与砷形成chalcophyllite。铜还与铋形成一种称为emplectite（CuBiS₂）的硫化物。它与锑和铁形成tetrahedrite。含铁的硫化物包括bornite（Cu₅FeS₄）和cubanite（CuFe₂S₃）。含砷的硫化物称为enargite。bornonite是一种含有铜、铅和锑的硫化物。tennantite是一种含有铜、砷、铁和锑的硫化物。铅、铜和铁共同形成硫化物betekhtinite。germanite是一种含有铜、锗和铁的硫化物。stannite是一种含有锡和铜的硫化物。铜与银和锑形成硫化物polybasite。
It occurs in a sulfate form in antlerite, brochantite, connellite, cyanotrichite and devilline. Copper appears with sodium in the sulfate krohnkite which exhibits a dramatic blue color.
硫酸盐形式存在于角闪石、布雷香石、康内利特、氰铁石和德维林石中。铜与钠形成硫酸钾罗恩石，呈现出鲜明的蓝色。 Copper appears with lead in caledonite. Copper, cobalt and nickel join in the sulfide carrollite.
铜与铅一起出现在钙来农ite中。铜、钴和镍共同存在于硫化卡罗利特中。 A striking green color is exhibited by the mineral bayldonite which combines copper, zinc and lead with an arsenate group. Other green copper minerals are the copper arsenates olivenite, Cu2AsO4(OH) and tyrolite. Another copper arsenate is clinoclase. Duftite is an arsenate mineral of lead and copper. Liroconite is an arsenate mineral of aluminum and copper with a blue color.
矿物bayldonite呈现出鲜明的绿色，它由铜、锌和铅与一个砷酸基团组成。其他绿色铜矿物包括铜砷酸盐olivenite，化学式为Cu₂AsO₄(OH)和tyrolite。另一种铜砷酸盐是clinoclase。Duftite是一种铅和铜的砷酸盐矿物。Liroconite是一种铝和铜的砷酸盐矿物，呈蓝色。 Copper silicate in the mineral dioptase also exhibits a green color. Dioptase is sometimes accompanied by a rarer silicate of copper, plancheite. Copper silicate in the mineral dioptase also exhibits a green color.
Another silicate of copper is shattuckite with a blue color.
Other copper containing minerals are boleite and cumengite which contain chlorine. A chloride of copper and lead is diaboleite. Another chloride of copper is atacamite.
其他含铜的矿物还有boleite和cumengite，它们含有氯。铜和铅的氯化物是diaboleite。另一种铜的氯化物是atacamite。
dioptase 中的铜硅酸盐也表现出绿色。dioptase 常伴随另一种稀有的铜硅酸盐——plancheite。dioptase 中的铜硅酸盐也表现出绿色。另一种铜硅酸盐是 shattuckite，呈蓝色。 Copper appears as a phosphate in cornetite and turquoise. It also forms the phosphate pseudomalachite. Copper forms the phosphate mineral libethenite. Copper appears with uranium in the phosphate mineral metatorbernite. Copper appears with zinc in the phosphate mineral veszelyite. The phosphate mineral tsumebite contains lead and copper and shows a green color.
Copper is one of the few exceptions to the general order of filling of electron orbitals, filling all ten 3d states before it fills the second 4s state.
铜是少数几个例外之一，它在填充电子轨道时遵循一般顺序，先填满所有的3d轨道，再填充第二个4s轨道。
铜以磷酸盐的形式出现在cornetite和 turquoise 中。它还形成磷酸盐 pseudomalachite。铜形成磷酸盐矿物 libethenite。铜在磷酸盐矿物 metatorbernite 中与铀共存。铜在磷酸盐矿物 veszelyite 中与锌共存。磷酸盐矿物 tsumebite 含有铅和铜，并呈现绿色。 |
