Hydrogen-Like Atoms:Sodium

Sodium Spectrum

钠谱

The sodium spectrum is dominated by the bright doublet known as the Sodium D-lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers. From the energy level diagram it can be seen that these lines are emitted in a transition from the 3p to the 3s levels. The line at 589.0 has twice the intensity of the line at 589.6 nm. Taking the range from 400-700nm as the nominal visible range, the strongest visible line other than the D-lines is the line at 568.8205 which has an intensity about 0.7% of that of the strongest line. All other lines are a factor of two or more fainter than that one, so for most practical purposes, all the light from luminous sodium comes from the D-lines.

钠的光谱主要由两条明亮的双线主导，称为钠D线，分别位于588.9950纳米和589.5924纳米处。从能量水平图可以看出，这些线是由3p能级向3s能级跃迁所发射的。589.0纳米处的线强度是589.6纳米处线的两倍。将400-700纳米作为名义上的可见光范围，除了D线外，最强的可见光线位于568.8205纳米处，其强度大约是最强线的0.7%。其他所有线的强度都比这一线弱两个数量级或更多，因此在大多数实际应用中，所有来自发光钠的光都来自D线。

The illustration at left shows the interference pattern formed by the sodium doublet in a Fabry-Perot interferometer. At right is a sketch of the origin of the sodium doublet.

Sodium light from an electric pickle!

左边的示意图显示了由钠双线在法布里-珀罗干涉仪中形成的干涉图样。右边是钠双线起源的简图。来自电灯的钠光！

The Electric Pickle

电荷的腌黄瓜

A far-fetched example of a non-ohmic resistor is the electric pickle. A considerable amount of light can be obtained by connecting ordinary household 120 volt AC voltage across a pickle. After the pickling process, there are Na+ and Cl- ions present. The standard explanation is that the electric current excites the sodium ions, producing light similar to that of a sodium lamp.

一个非欧姆电阻的荒谬例子是电瓶。通过将普通的家庭120伏交流电压加在电瓶上，可以得到相当多的光。在腌制过程之后，存在Na+和Cl-离子。标准的解释是，电流激发钠离子，产生类似于钠灯的光。

Thanks to Brian Lucy for this example.

感谢Brian Lucy提供的这个例子。

Currents in ionic solutions are often not linearly proportional to the applied voltage. When Ohm's law is used with ordinary carbon resistors, the ratio of voltage to current is constant, but the variation in light output suggests that this is not the case with the electric pickle.

Warning! The electric pickle is a serious shock hazard!

离子溶液中的电流通常并不与施加的电压成线性比例。当使用欧姆定律处理普通碳电阻时，电压与电流的比值是恒定的，但光的变化表明这在电灯泡中并不成立。警告！电灯泡是一个严重的触电危险！

From the color, I had presumed that the light from the pickle was at least partly sodium light from the sodium chloride used in the pickling process. But I had no idea that it was such pure sodium light! The spectrum of the electric pickle at right was taken by Benoit Minster of Grenoble, France using a Lhires II spectrograph and a digital camera. It's as pure a sodium doublet spectrum as I get using a sodium lamp! If it weren't for the electric shock hazard posed by the electric pickle, we might suggest them as low-cost sodium light sources!

从颜色来看，我原本以为泡菜的光至少部分来自用于腌制过程的氯化钠中的钠光。但我不知道它竟如此纯净的钠光！右侧的电泡菜光谱是由法国格勒诺布尔的Benoit Minster使用Lhires II光谱仪和数码相机拍摄的。用钠灯的话，我很难得到如此纯净的钠双线光谱！如果电泡菜不带来电击危险，我们或许可以将其作为低成本的钠光源推荐！

Sodium Energy Levels:Orbital Dependence

钠的能级：轨道依赖性

The sodium 3s level is significantly lower than the 3p because of greater penetration past the shielding of the 1s electron.

钠的3s电平显著低于3p，这是因为3s电子更深入地穿透了1s电子的屏蔽作用。

Both levels penetrate enough to be significantly lower than the n=3 hydrogen energy which they would have if the shielding were perfect.

两个能级穿透足够深，使得它们的值显著低于若屏蔽完美时的氢原子第三能级。