Superconducting Magnets

Type II superconductors such as niobium-tin and niobium-titanium are used to make the coil windings for superconducting magnets. These two materials can be fabricated into wires and can withstand high magnetic fields. Typical construction of the coils is to embed a large number of fine filaments ( 20 micrometers diameter) in a copper matrix. The solid copper gives mechanical stability and provides a path for the large currents in case the superconducting state is lost. These superconducting magnets must be cooled with liquid helium. Superconducting magnets can use solenoid geometries as do ordinary electromagnets.

Most high energy accelerators now use superconducting magnets. The proton accelerator at Fermilab uses 774 superconducting magnets in a ring of circumference 6.2 kilometers. They have also found wide application in the construction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus for medical imaging.

Niobium-Titanium Superconductor

Niobium-titanium is a Type-II superconductor with a critical temperature of 10 K and a critical magnetic field of 15 Tesla. While both of these values are lower than those for niobium-tin, this material has become the material of choice for superconducting magnets because of its mechanical properties.

To make magnet wire, the niobium-titanium is formed into filaments finer than human hair and embedded in a matrix of solid copper. The fine filaments are advantageous because current flows only within a skin-depth of the surface of a superconductor. The solid copper forms a solid mechanical structure which will also carry the current if the superconducting phase is lost. 为了制造磁线，铌钛合金被制成比人类头发更细的丝状物，并嵌入固态铜的基体中。细丝的优势在于电流仅在超导体表面的皮肤深度内流动。固态铜形成一个固态机械结构，如果超导相丧失，它也将承载电流。

Argonne Bubble Chamber

As an example of the energy savings attainable with superconducting magnets, a bubble chamber at Argonne National Laboratory has a 4.8 meter diameter magnet producing a magnetic field of 1.8 Tesla. After establishing the magnetic field, only about 190 kW is required to maintain the liquid helium refrigeration.

This magnet coil is made from niobium-titanium alloy embedded in copper. The cost of construction of this coil was about the same as for a conventional magnet, but it has a 10:1 operating cost advantage. 这种磁体线圈是由嵌入铜中的铌-钛合金制成的。这种线圈的建造成本与常规磁体大致相同，但其运行成本优势为10:1。

Fermilab Supermagnets

At Fermilab, the ultimate particle energy was increased by using superconducting magnets and the operating cost was greatly reduced. They developed 7 meter long tubular magnets which generate a field of 4.5 Tesla. Around the accelerator ring of circumference 6.2 km, there are 774 of these supermagnets with an additional 240 magnets used for focusing the particle beam.

Particles are first accelerated in a ring of conventional magnets and then injected into the superconducting magnet ring called the Tevatron for the final stage of acceleration to about a million MeV.

Superconductors in NMR Imaging

Superconducting magnets find application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human body. Besides requiring strong magnetic fields on the order of a Tesla, magnetic resonance imaging requires extremely uniform fields across the subject and extreme stability over time. Maintaining the magnet coils in the superconducting state helps to achieve parts-per-million spacial uniformity over a space large enough to hold a person, and ppm/hour stability with time.