Hormones

荷尔蒙

The term hormone refers to the specific chemical messengers or "signaling molecules" secreted by glands in the endocrine system. Most familiar are the "endocrine hormones" which are released directly into the bloodstream to be carried to the cells which have protein receptors which can respond to them. There are also "exocrine hormones" which are released into a duct. These exocrine hormones may then enter the bloodstream or be conducted from cell to cell by diffusion (paracrine signaling). By these means, hormones are carried to essentially every part of the body and serve various regulatory functions.
While the hormonal communication system is too complex to be summarized by a simple model, there are some common overall features. Typically, the glands of the endocrine system have specialized hormone cells. The hormone molecules are synthesized in these cells and exit the cells (exocytosis) via some membrane transport mechanism. When they reach a cell which is sensitive to that hormone, it will have a receptor for the hormone. The receptor will typically be in the cell membrane. The cellular response may be a cascade of reactions to accomplish the purpose of the hormone. There are often feedback mechanisms that serve to regulate the production of the hormone in the gland of origin.
尽管激素通信系统过于复杂，无法用简单的模型来概括，但有一些共同的总体特征。通常，内分泌系统的腺体具有专门的激素细胞。这些细胞合成激素分子，并通过某种膜运输机制将其排出细胞（胞吐）。当这些激素到达对它敏感的细胞时，该细胞将具有相应的受体。受体通常位于细胞膜上。细胞的反应可能是一系列反应，以实现激素的作用。通常存在反馈机制，用于调节原腺体中激素的产生。

Hormone 荷尔蒙	Source 源	Function 函数
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 促甲状腺激素（TSH）	Pituitary Gland 垂体	Stimulates the Thyroid Gland to release its hormones. 刺激甲状腺分泌激素
Thyroxine 甲状腺素	Thyroid 甲状腺	Increases metabolic rate and stimulates synthesis of enzymes. 增加代谢率并刺激酶的合成。
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 抗利尿激素（ADH）	Pituitary Gland 垂体	Increases the permeability of the tubules in the nephrons of the kidney to release more water back into the bloodstream. 增加肾小管对水分的通透性，使更多的水分回流入血液。

References:
Wiki Hormones

This material is part of a brief overview of the topics studied in biology with the intent to highlight the connections to basic ideas in physics and physical science.

这部分内容是对生物学中研究主题的简要概述，旨在突出其与物理学和物理科学基本概念的联系。

激素是指由内分泌系统中的腺体分泌的特定化学信使或‘信号分子’。最熟悉的‘内分泌激素’直接进入血液，被运输到具有蛋白质受体的细胞。还有‘外分泌激素’通过导管释放，这些外分泌激素可能进入血液，或通过扩散（旁分泌信号）从细胞到细胞传递。通过这些方式，激素被运输到身体的几乎所有部位，发挥各种调节功能。参考：Wiki Hormones

Index

Reference
Audesirk & Audesirk
Ch 32

Thibodeau & Patton
Ch 16

索引参考 Audesirk & Audesirk 第32章 Thibodeau & Patton 第16章

HyperPhysics***** Biology

HyperPhysics ***** 生物学

R Nave

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Description of Hormones

荷尔蒙的描述

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

促甲状腺激素

The release of the thyroid hormones is stimulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The thyroid gland's release of thyroxine influences most cells in the body, increasing their metabolic rate and stimulating the synthesis of enzymes that break down glucose and provide energy.

Thyroxine

甲状腺素

The thyroid gland's release of thyroxine influences most cells in the body, increasing their metabolic rate and stimulating the synthesis of enzymes that break down glucose and provide energy. Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It is the inactive form and most of it is converted to an active form called triiodothyronine by organs such as the liver and kidneys. Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones. Yourhormones

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

抗利尿激素 (ADH)

甲状腺激素的释放受到甲状腺刺激激素（TSH）的刺激，而TSH由垂体前叶产生。甲状腺释放的甲状腺素影响身体大多数细胞，提高它们的代谢率，并刺激合成分解葡萄糖并提供能量的酶。甲状腺释放的甲状腺素影响身体大多数细胞，提高它们的代谢率，并刺激合成分解葡萄糖并提供能量的酶。甲状腺素是甲状腺分泌入血液中的主要激素。它是一种非活性形式，大部分由肝脏和肾脏等器官转化为活性形式，称为三碘甲状腺原氨酸。甲状腺激素在调节身体的代谢率、心脏和消化功能、肌肉控制、大脑发育以及骨骼维护中起着至关重要的作用。