Element Abundance in Earth's Crust

Abundances of the Elements in the Earth's Crust

地壳中元素的丰度

Element 元素	Approximate % by weight 近似重量百分比
Oxygen 氧气	46.6
Silicon 硅	27.7
Aluminum 铝	8.1
Iron 铁	5.0
Calcium 钙	3.6
Sodium 钠	2.8
Potassium 钾	2.6
Magnesium 镁	2.1
All others 其他所有	1.5

Given the abundance of oxygen and silicon in the crust, it should not be surprising that the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust are the silicates. Although the Earth's material must have had the same composition as the Sun originally, the present composition of the Sun is quite different. The elemental composition of the human body and life in general is quite different.

鉴于地壳中氧和硅的丰富性，地壳中最丰富的矿物应是硅酸盐，这并不令人意外。尽管地球的物质最初可能与太阳具有相同的组成，但目前太阳的组成却大不相同。人体和生命体的元素组成也大不相同。

These general element abundances are reflected in the composition of igneous rocks.

这些普遍的元素丰度反映在火成岩的组成中。

Common Elements Important in Living Organisms

生命体中重要的共同元素

Element

元素

Symbol

符号

Atomic Number

原子序数

% by Mass in
Solar System

太阳系中的质量百分比

Percent in Earth

地球中的百分比

Percent in Human Body

人体中的百分比

Hydrogen

氢

70.6

0.14

9.5

Helium

氦

他

27.5

Trace

迹

Trace

迹

Carbon

碳

0.30

0.03

18.5

Nitrogen

氮气

0.11

Trace

迹

3.3

Oxygen

氧气

0.59

Sodium

钠

0.0033

2.8

0.2

Magnesium

镁

0.0069

2.1

0.1

Phosphorus

磷

Trace

迹

0.07

Sulfur

硫

0.0396

0.03

0.3

Chlorine

氯

Trace

迹

0.01

0.2

Potassium

钾

Trace

迹

2.6

0.4

Calcium

钙

0.006

3.6

1.5

Iron

铁

0.12

Trace

迹

The percentages are percent by mass of the indicated elements. Solar system values are from Arnett, see below. The composition of the human body is seen to be distinctly different from the abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. The elements upon which life is based are often summarized by the combination CHONPS, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur. Note that nitrogen is rare on the Earth, but is a major component of proteins, the working molecules of life.

这些百分比是所指示元素的质量百分比。太阳系的数据来自Arnett，见下文。人体的组成明显不同于地球地壳中元素的丰度。生命所基于的元素常常被概括为CHONPS，即碳、氢、氧、氮、磷和硫。请注意，地球上氮元素稀少，但氮是蛋白质——生命的工作分子——的主要成分。

Element Abundance in the Solar System

太阳系中元素的丰度

Element 元素	Symbol 符号	Mass Number A 质量数 A	Mass fraction in parts per million 百万分之一质量分数	Atom fraction in parts per million 百万分之一的原子分数
Hydrogen-1 氢-1	H	1	705700	909964
Helium-4 氦-4	He 他	4	275200	88714
Oxygen-16 氧-16	O	16	5920	477
Carbon-12 碳-12	C	12	3032	326
Nitrogen-14 氮-14	N	14	1105	102
Neon-20 氖-20	Ne	20	1548	100
Silicon-28 硅-28	Si 硅	28	653	30
Magnesium-24 镁-24	Mg	24	513	28
Iron-56 铁-56	Fe 铁	56	1169	27
Sulfur-32 硫-32	S	32	396	16
Helium-3 氦-3	He 他	3	35	15
Hydrogen-2 氢-2	H	2	23	15
Neon-22 氖-22	Ne	22	208	12
Magnesium-26 镁-26	Mg	26	79	4
Carbon-13 碳-13	C	13	37	4
Magnesium-25 镁-25	Mg	25	69	4
Aluminum-27 铝-27	Al	27	58	3
Argon-36 氩-36	Ar	36	77	3
Calcium-40 钙-40	Ca	40	60	2
Sodium-23 钠-23	Na 钠	23	33	2
Iron-54 铁-54	Fe 铁	54	72	2
Silicon-29 硅-29	Si 硅	29	34	2
Nickel-58 镍-58	Ni 镍	58	49	1
Silicon-30 硅-30	Si 硅	30	23	1
Iron-57 铁-57	Fe 铁	57	28	1

The data above is from Arnett, and the elements are listed in descending order of the atom fraction in the solar system. The percent by mass in the solar system is the mass fraction in parts per million with the decimal point shifted left four places, e.g. hydrogen is 705,700 parts per million in mass and 70.57% by mass. As the lightest atom, it is 91% by number. Since specific isotopes are tabulated here, the percentages would differ slightly if all isotopes of each element are tabulated.

上述数据来自Arnett，元素按太阳系中原子分数降序排列。太阳系中按质量百分比计算的数值是百万分之一的质分数，小数点左移四位，例如氢的质量分数为705,700百万分之一，即70.57%的质量百分比。作为最轻的原子，它在数量上占91%。由于此处列出了特定同位素，如果列出每个元素的所有同位素，百分比会略有不同。

References:

参考文献：

元素丰度维基

Arnett, David, Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis (First ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996.

阿纳特，戴维. 水星和核合成（第一版）. 新泽西州普林斯顿: 普林斯顿大学出版社，1996年。