Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版：英文原文完整保留，中文紧随对应单元；术语采用 v20260916 确认表，自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Sodium Chloride

氯化钠
NaCl

Sodium chloride is the most common salt, the common table salt used for the seasoning of food. It forms in cubic crystals apparent even in table salt. It occurs commonly in the mineral form, halite, also called rocksalt. It can be formed by the acid-base reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

氯化钠是最常见的盐，即用于调味的普通食盐。它在立方晶系中形成，即使在食盐中也明显可见。它以矿物形式常见，称为岩盐，也称为石盐。它可以通过盐酸和氢氧化钠的酸碱反应形成：
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
As a solid, sodium chloride is crystalline and forms a cubic lattice. The bonding of the sodium and chlorine atoms is one of the classic examples of ionic bonding. In aqueous solution it ionizes to Na+ and Cl- ions and forms an electrically conducting solution.


Ordinary table salt, 50x
作为固体，氯化钠是晶体，形成立方晶格。钠和氯原子之间的结合是离子键的经典例子。在水溶液中，它会解离为Na⁺和Cl⁻离子，形成导电的溶液。普通食盐，50x
The ionic bonding of NaCl can be visualized in terms of Lewis diagrams.
NaCl的离子键可以借助路易斯图来形象化地理解。

When the diameters of sodium and chlorine and their ions are measured, they offer some confirmation of the picture of ionic bonding.

当测量钠和氯及其离子的直径时，它们提供了一些关于离子键的图景的验证。
When sodium loses an electron to form Na+, its effective size decreases to about half. When chlorine gains an electron to produce the octet structure Cl-, its size increases to almost double (Shipman, et al).
当钠失去一个电子形成Na⁺时，其有效尺寸减小到大约一半。当氯获得一个电子形成八电子结构Cl⁻时，其尺寸增加到几乎两倍（Shipman等）

Sodium chloride exists on the earth in great abundance in sea water and is an important part of the fluid electrolytes of humans and other living organisms.

钠氯化物在地球上海洋中储量丰富，并是人类和其他生物体液电解质的重要组成部分。
NaCl Bond Details
NaCl 键细节


Bond energy example
键能示例
Common Salts
常见盐类
Inorganic Compounds
无机化合物
HCl + NaOH → H₂O + NaCl
 Index

Chemistry concepts

Reference
Shipman, Wilson and Todd
Ch 12
化学概念索引 参考 Shipman, Wilson 和 Todd 第12章
 
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Sodium Bisulfate

硫酸氢钠
NaHSO4
NaHSO₄

Sodium bisulfate is a salt which is used widely with potassium dichromate in bleach used for photographic purposes. It is a skin irritant and must be used with caution. If skin is exposed, wash with running water for 15 minutes. It is poison, so if ingested do not induce vomiting but seek immediate medical attention.

硫酸氢钠是一种广泛用于摄影用漂白剂中与高锰酸钾的盐。它是一种皮肤刺激物，使用时应谨慎。如果皮肤接触，应用流动水冲洗15分钟。它是有毒的，如果误食，不要催吐，而是应立即寻求医疗救助。

Sodium bisulfate may be shipped as a dry product, but is hygroscopic when exposed to moisture. It is acidic in solution.

硫酸氢钠可以作为干燥产品运输，但一旦暴露在潮湿环境中就会吸湿。它在溶液中呈酸性。
Wiki: Sodium bisulfate
Common Salts
常见盐类
Inorganic Compounds
无机化合物
硫酸氢钠（维基百科）
 Index

Chemistry concepts
化学概念索引
 
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Potassium Dichromate

铬酸钾
K2Cr2O7
K₂Cr₂O₇

Potassium dichromate is a salt used to make bleach for photographic purposes. It is both toxic and an oxidizer (potential fire hazard). To dispose of excess solid potassium dichromate always wash the solid down the drain with large amounts of water. Never dispose of the solid in a wastebasket.

铬酸钾是一种用于摄影显影的漂白剂。它具有毒性，并且是一种氧化剂（潜在的火灾隐患）。处理多余的铬酸钾固体时， always 用大量水冲入下水道。切勿将固体倒入垃圾桶。

Spillage of a dichromate solution on the skin will cause a chemical burn, which will appear as an ulceration. In addition, all chromium compounds are potential carcinogens. Rubber gloves are recommended for handling this compound in solutions.

铬酸盐溶液泼洒在皮肤上会导致化学灼伤，表现为溃疡。此外，所有铬化合物均为潜在致癌物。处理该化合物时建议佩戴橡胶手套。
Common Salts
常见盐类
Inorganic Compounds
无机化合物
 Index

Chemistry concepts
化学概念索引
 
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Calcium Chloride

氯化钙
CaCl2
CaCl₂

Calcium chloride is a salt that is marketed in pellet form for removing dampness from rooms. Remarkably hydroscopic, it is placed in perforated containers or on screens with a containers below them. Calcium chloride will collect enough water from the air to completely transform the pellets, leaving an empty basket and a volume of solution below it which is several times the volume of the original pellets.

氯化钙是一种以颗粒形式销售的盐，用于去除房间中的湿气。它具有惊人的吸湿性，通常被放置在带孔的容器中或放在有容器下方的屏幕上。氯化钙能从空气中吸收足够的水分，使颗粒完全转化为溶液，留下一个空的篮子和一个体积是原始颗粒数倍的溶液体积。

Calcium chloride is also widely used as a deicer since it is effective in lowering the melting point when applied to ice. The melting point lowering occurs with any solute and is a colligative property, being proportional to the number of solute particles. Calcium chloride is a more effective deicer than sodium chloride since each molecule produces three ions in solution compared to two for NaCl. Calcium chloride is effective in melting ice down to -25°F, wheras sodium chloride loses its effectiveness at about 20°F and is not useful for this purpose below 15°F.

氯化钙也广泛用作除冰剂，因为它在施用于冰层时能有效降低熔点。熔点的降低现象适用于任何溶质，是一种依数性质，其程度与溶质粒子的数量成正比。相比氯化钠，氯化钙作为除冰剂更为有效，因为每个分子在溶液中会生成三个离子，而氯化钠仅生成两个离子。氯化钙能将冰融化至-25°F，而氯化钠在约20°F时就失去效果，低于15°F时不再适用于此用途。

Calcium chloride is used for maintaining unpaved roads and for fortifying roadbases for new construction. It is sometimes used in concrete to allow it to be worked with less water, shortening drying time. It increases compressive strength and water resistance of concrete, but diminishes flexural and tensile strength. For that reason it is not permitted in pre-stressed concrete.

氯化钙用于维护未铺装道路，并用于新建设施的路基加固。它有时用于混凝土中，以允许在较少用水的情况下进行施工，缩短干燥时间。它能提高混凝土的抗压强度和抗水性，但会降低其抗弯和抗拉强度。因此，它不允许用于预应力混凝土。
Common Salts
常见盐类
Inorganic Compounds
无机化合物
 Index

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化学概念索引
 
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