Iron
铁
Pure iron is a bright silvery-white metal which oxidizes (rusts) rapidly in moist air or in water containing dissolved oxygen. It is soft, malleable, and ductile, and is strongly magnetic (ferromagnetic).
纯铁是一种银白色金属，它在潮湿空气中或含有溶解氧的水中容易氧化（生锈）。它质地柔软，可塑性强，且具有强磁性（铁磁性）。 It is rare to find it in elemental form on the Earth, but the sample at right was found in Greenland. It has also been found in igneous rocks in Russia.
在地球上很少以单质形式存在，但右边的样品是在格陵兰发现的。它也曾在俄罗斯的火成岩中被发现。 |  |
Pure iron has little use - some for analytical chemistry and some in medicine. It is made much more useful by alloying it with other materials.
纯铁用途有限——有些用于分析化学，有些用于医学。它通过与其他材料合金化而变得更有用。
Adding a small amount of carbon to iron greatly strengthens it, and other useful alloys are made by adding amounts of the transition metals.
向铁中加入少量碳显著增强其强度，其他有用的合金则是通过加入过渡金属的适量来制成的。
Iron is one of the big 8 elements in the Earth's crust, being the fourth most abundant element at about 5% by weight. Iron ore is abundant, but its isolation is an energy-intensive process. The chief ores are the oxides hematite, Fe2O3, and magnetite, Fe3O4, and its carbonate siderite, FeCO3. Iron also forms the oxide minerals lepidocrocite and goethite, each with the general formula FeO(OH). Iron is found with manganese and zinc in the oxide mineral Franklinite. Another oxide with boron (borate) with iron, titanium and magnesium is warwickite. Tungsten is found with iron and manganese in the mineral Wolframite.
Iron joins magnesium in the carbonate pyroaurite. Iron pyrite, Fe2S, contains the iron, but it is difficult to isolate from the sulfur. This ore is used as a source for sulfur. A variation on pyrite is called pyrrhotite and the composition is written Fe1-xS. Iron also forms the sulfide marcasite, FeS2. Copper joins iron to form chalcopyrite, CuFeS2. Iron also joins with arsenic to form arsenopyrite, FeAsS. Iron with arsenic forms the mineral loellingite, FeAs2. Iron forms some phosphates like vivianite. Titanium and iron together form the oxide ilmenite, FeTiO3. Chromium and iron together form the oxide chromite, FeCr2O4. Iron forms an oxide mineral with titanium, lead and manganese called senaite. Iron joins in a sulfide with copper and antimony called tetrahedrite. A sulfide with antimony forms the mineral berthierite. Sulfides with copper include bornite, Cu5FeS4, and cubanite, CuFe2S3. A sulfide formed with tin, lead and antimony is called cylindrite. Iron is found in the mineral nagyagite, a sulfide, along with gold, lead, antimony, and tellurium. Tennantite is a sulfide which contains iron, arsenic, copper and antimony. Germanite is a sulfide which contains copper, germanium and iron. Lead, copper and iron join in the sulfide betekhtinite. Cobalt joins with iron and arsenic in the sulfide glaucodot, (Co,Fe)AsS. Zinc and iron form the sulfide wurtzite, (Zn,Fe)S.
铁与镁共同形成碳酸吡咯矿。含铁的黄铁矿（Fe₂S）存在，但难以从硫中分离。这种矿石用作硫的来源。黄铁矿的一种变种称为黄铁矿，其组成写为Fe₁₋ₓS。铁还形成硫化物玛斯卡特矿（FeS₂）。铁与铜共同形成黄铜矿（CuFeS₂）。铁与砷共同形成砷黄铁矿（FeAsS）。铁与砷形成矿物洛伊林石（FeAs₂）。铁还形成一些磷酸盐，如维维安石。钛和铁共同形成氧化物磁铁矿（FeTiO₃）。铬和铁共同形成氧化物铬铁矿（FeCr₂O₄）。铁与钛、铅和锰共同形成矿物塞纳石。铁与铜和锑共同形成硫化物四硫铁矿。含锑的硫化物形成矿物伯蒂尔矿。含铜的硫化物包括黄铜矿（Cu₅FeS₄）和库巴尼特（CuFe₂S₃）。含锡、铅和锑的硫化物称为圆柱石。铁存在于矿物纳加伊特（一种硫化物）中，与金、铅、锑和碲共同存在。滕纳石是一种含铁、砷、铜和锑的硫化物。德国石是一种含铜、锗和铁的硫化物。铅、铜和铁共同形成硫化物贝特基特矿。钴与铁和砷共同形成硫化物格劳科丁矿（（Co,Fe）AsS）。锌和铁形成硫化物沃茨石（（Zn,Fe）S）。
A sulfate mineral of iron and potassium is jarosite. Beudantite is a mineral containing iron and lead along with sulfate and arsenate groups, PbFe3(AsO4,SO4)2(OH)6. Iron, along with magnesium, is a constituent of the fibrous silicate minerals which were collectively given the commercial name asbestos. Those minerals include tremolite, riebeckite and grunerite. The abundant iron in the Earth's crust is found in silicate minerals such as andradite.
含铁和钾的硫酸盐矿物是 jarosite。Beudantite 是一种含有铁和铅以及硫酸根和砷酸根的矿物，其化学式为 PbFe₃(AsO₄,SO₄)₂(OH)₆。铁与镁一起是纤维状硅酸盐矿物的组成成分，这些矿物被统称为 asbestos。这些矿物包括 tremolite、riebeckite 和 grunerite。地球 crust 中丰富的铁存在于如 andradite 等硅酸盐矿物中。
Strengite is a phosphate mineral of iron. Strunzite is a phosphate mineral of iron and manganese. Graftonite is a phosphate mineral of iron, manganese and calcium. Iron appears with magnesium and aluminum in the phosphate lazulite . Iron, magnesium and manganese form the phosphate mineral ludlamite. Phosphates of aluminum and iron are vauxite and paravauxite. A phosphate of iron and lithium is triphylite.
斯特伦吉特是一种含铁的磷酸盐矿物。斯特鲁尼特是一种含铁和锰的磷酸盐矿物。格拉夫顿石是一种含铁、锰和钙的磷酸盐矿物。铁与镁和铝共同存在于磷酸盐 lazulite 中。铁、镁和锰形成磷酸盐矿物 ludlamite。铝和铁的磷酸盐是 vauxite 和 paravauxite。铁和锂的磷酸盐是 triphylite。
Nickel is often found in association with iron and sometimes forms the compound Ni3Fe, called awaruite in its mineral form. Nickel-iron meteorites are fairly common.
镍常与其他铁共生，有时形成Ni₃Fe化合物，称为awa rutite。镍铁陨石较为常见。
Common useful forms of iron alloys are cast iron, wrought iron, and steel.
常用的铁合金有铸铁、锻铁和钢。
铁是地壳中八大元素之一，是第四大元素，约占重量的5%。铁矿石丰富，但其分离过程是能源密集型的。主要的矿石是氧化物磁铁矿（Fe₂O₃）和磁铁矿（Fe₃O₄），以及碳酸盐矿石菱铁矿（FeCO₃）。铁还形成氧化物矿物针铁矿和赤铁矿，其通式均为FeO(OH)。铁常与锰和锌一起出现在氧化物矿物弗兰克林ite中。另一种含硼（硼酸）与铁、钛和镁的氧化物是沃克利特。钨常与铁和锰一起出现在矿物钨华中。 Wrought iron is made from cast iron by melting it on a bed of iron oxide. The final result is a material which is nearly pure iron, with only 0.1-0.2% of carbon and less than 0.5% of all impurities. The purification occurs because the iron oxide bed oxidizes the carbon to carbon monoxide and the sulfur, phosphorus and silicon to their oxides. These oxides become part of the slag. As the iron becomes purer, its melting point rises and it becomes pasty, signaling the time to remove it from the furnace. The slag is then forced out by hammering.
Wrought iron created by this process is strong and tough and can be welded and forged. Very popular in the past, it has now been largely supplanted by mild steel.
这种工艺制成的铸铁强度高、韧性好，可以焊接和锻造。过去非常流行，现在已被低碳钢 largely 替代。
Steel is a purified alloy of iron with carbon which is manufactured in the liquid state. The manufacturing process eliminates almost all of the phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon which exist in common cast iron. The range of carbon content for steels is 0.1 to 1.5%. Low carbon steels (<0.2% carbon) are called mild steels. They are malleable and ductile and are used in place of wrought iron. Medium steels (0.2 to 0.6% carbon) are used for structural steel (beams, girders). Both mild and medium steels can be forged and welded.
钢是一种纯化的铁碳合金，以液态形式制造。制造过程几乎消除了普通铸铁中存在的所有磷、硫和硅。钢的碳含量范围是0.1%到1.5%。碳含量低于0.2%的钢称为软钢。它们具有可锻性和延展性，可替代锻铁。碳含量为0.2%到0.6%的钢称为中碳钢，用于结构钢（梁、梁架）。软钢和中碳钢均可锻打和焊接。
High-carbon steels (0.75 to 1.5% carbon) are used for making cutting tools, surgical instruments, drills and other tools. Medium and high-carbon steels can be hardened and tempered.
高碳钢（含碳量0.75至1.5%）用于制造切削工具、手术器械、钻头和其他工具。中碳钢和高碳钢可以淬火和回火。
Iron is crucial to life in that it is present in hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to other body tissue. Iron is also present in myoglobin in the muscles. Myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin and takes oxygen from it, holding the oxygen in the muscle until it is needed. There are iron-containing compounds called cytochromes in the cells where they play a role in the oxidation of food molecules.
铁对生命至关重要，因为它存在于血红蛋白中，这是红细胞中的一种分子，负责将氧气从肺部运输到身体其他组织。铁也存在于肌肉中的肌红蛋白中。肌红蛋白类似于血红蛋白，它从血红蛋白获取氧气，并在肌肉中保存氧气，直到需要时才被利用。细胞中存在一些含铁的化合物，称为细胞色素，它们在食物分子的氧化过程中起作用。
生铁是通过将铸铁在铁氧化物床上熔化制成的。最终产物是一种几乎纯铁的材料，其中仅含有0.1-0.2%的碳和不到0.5%的所有杂质。净化过程是因为铁氧化物床将碳氧化为一氧化碳，并将硫、磷和硅氧化为氧化物。这些氧化物成为炉渣的一部分。随着铁变得更加纯净，其熔点升高，变得呈糊状，标志着应将其从炉中取出的时间。炉渣随后通过锤击将其排出。 |
