Zinc
锌
Zinc is a bluish-white, moderately hard metal. It is brittle at room temperature and at temperatures above 150°C, being workable only in the range between 100°C and 150°C. It is an active metal and will displace hydrogen even from dilute acids.
锌是一种蓝白色、质地较硬的金属。在常温下和150°C以上的温度下，锌都是脆性的，只有在100°C至150°C之间时才具有可加工性。它是一种活泼金属，即使在稀酸中也能置换出氢气。
The principal use of zinc is for the galvanizing of iron sheets or wires. In moist air zinc oxidizes and becomes coated with a tough film of zinc carbonate which protects it from further corrosion. Galvanizing is done by dipping the iron into molten zinc. Zinc can also be electroplated onto iron pieces, giving a smoother galvanized surface. Sherardized iron is formed by coating the iron with and iron-zinc alloy and then baking at 800°C. The zinc coating on iron offers protection even if the zinc coating is broken by means of cathodic protection. The zinc has a more negative reduction potential (-.76V) than iron (-.04V) and therefore acts as an anode and oxidizes in preference to the iron.
锌的主要用途是用于铁板或铁丝的镀锌。在潮湿空气中，锌会氧化并形成一层坚韧的锌碳酸盐薄膜，从而保护它免受进一步腐蚀。镀锌是通过将铁浸入熔融的锌中进行的。锌也可以电镀在铁件上，形成更光滑的镀锌表面。Sherardized铁是通过将铁涂上铁-锌合金然后在800°C下烘焙形成的。即使锌涂层被破坏，铁上的锌涂层仍能提供保护，这是通过阴极保护实现的。锌的还原电势（-0.76V）比铁（-0.04V）更负，因此它作为阳极优先氧化。
Zinc is used in making alloys such as brass (the alloy with copper). Zinc is used as the outside electrode in dry cell batteries It was used in early voltaic cells such as the Daniell cell.
锌用于制造合金，如黄铜（含铜的合金）。锌用于干电池的外电极。它曾用于早期的伏打电池，如丹尼尔电池。
Zinc sulfate is used as a disinfectant and as a white pigment in paints.
硫酸锌用作消毒剂，并用作油漆中的白色颜料。
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is also used as pigment called zinc white, and is used in antiseptics (zinc oxide ointment for burns). Zinc oxide is used in making rubber to improve the mechanical characteristics of the product. It is used as a constituent of the photoconductive surfaces in photocopiers. Zinc is found with manganese and iron in the oxide mineral Franklinite. Accompanying Franklinite may be the oxide mineral of zinc with calcium Hardystonite. One of the major zinc ores is the red oxide with manganese and/or iron named zincite. An oxide of zinc with manganese is Hetaerolite.
氧化锌（ZnO）也用作称为锌白的颜料，并用于抗菌剂（如烧伤用的氧化锌软膏）。氧化锌用于制造橡胶以改善产品的机械性能。它还用于复印机的光电导表面。氧化锌与锰和铁一起存在于矿物弗兰克林ite中。伴随弗兰克林ite的可能还有含钙的氧化锌矿物哈德斯通ite。一种主要的锌矿是名为锌石的红色氧化物，其中含有锰和/或铁。含锰的氧化锌矿物称为海塔罗利特。
The most common zinc ore is sphalerite, ZnS. Zinc metal is produced by first roasting the ore in air to form its oxide
最常见的锌矿是硫化锌，即ZnS。锌金属是通过将矿石在空气中焙烧生成其氧化物来生产的。
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) -> 2ZnO(s) + CO(g).
2ZnS(s) + 3O₂(g) -> 2ZnO(s) + CO(g).
The zinc oxide is then reduced by heating it with coke (carbon) which produces the metal vapor. The vapor is condensed to the liquid form and cooled to form the solid metal
氧化锌随后通过与焦炭（碳）加热来还原，产生金属蒸气。蒸气被冷凝成液体并冷却以形成固体金属。
ZnO(s) + C(s) -> Zn(g) + CO(g).
ZnO固体与C固体反应生成Zn气体和CO气体。
The fact that the temperature required for reduction is above the boiling point for zinc (907°C) delayed the discovery of zinc. Similar reductions were used to prepare copper, lead and iron even in ancient Rome. Zinc was probably also produced, but was lost to vaporization. Brass was formed several centuries before the discovery of zinc as a pure metal (brass is a mixture of copper and zinc).
由于锌的还原所需温度高于其沸点（907°C），这延迟了锌的发现。类似的方法在古罗马时期也被用于制备铜、铅和铁。锌可能也被生产出来，但最终因汽化而丢失。青铜的形成比锌作为纯金属被发现要早几个世纪（青铜是铜和锌的混合物）。
In addition to the sphalerite, zinc joins with iron to form the sulfide wurtzite, (Zn,Fe)S. Another naturally occuring ore of zinc is a carbonate mineral called Smithsonite. A striking green color is exhibited by the mineral bayldonite which combines copper, zinc and lead with an arsenate group. Another green zinc mineral is the zinc arsenate adamite, Zn2AsO4(OH). There is a dimorph of adamite called paradamite. The zinc arsenate legrandite has the same empirical formula as adamite exept for an added water of hydration and has a dramatic orange color. The zinc arsenate minerals reinerite, Zn3(AsO3)2, and kottigite lack the dramatic color.
Zinc forms the silicate willemite, Zn2SiO4 which can also produce green crystals. Zinc also forms the silicate hemimorphite. Zinc with manganese forms the silicate Hodgkinsonite. Zinc with magnesium, manganese and arsenic forms the silicate Mcgovernite. Zinc with aluminum forms the oxide mineral gahnite. Zinc is found with manganese and iron in the oxide mineral chalcophanite. An oxide with lead and vanadium is descloizite. An oxide of zinc with copper, vanadium and lead is mottramite
锌形成硅酸盐willemite（Zn₂SiO₄），也能生成绿色晶体。锌还形成硅酸盐hemimorphite。锌与锰形成硅酸盐Hodgkinsonite。锌与镁、锰和砷形成硅酸盐Mcgovernite。锌与铝形成氧化物矿物gahnite。锌与锰和铁在氧化物矿物chalcophanite中共存。含铅和钒的氧化物是descloizite。含铜、钒和铅的锌氧化物是mottramite。
除了硫化物闪锌矿之外，锌还与铁结合形成硫化物伟晶石，(Zn,Fe)S。另一种天然存在的锌矿石是一种碳酸盐矿物，称为smithsonite。一种具有鲜明绿色的矿物是bayldonite，它由铜、锌和铅与砷酸基团组成。另一种绿色的锌砷酸盐矿物是锌砷酸盐adamite，Zn₂AsO₄(OH)。adamite的一种同质多形物称为paradamite。锌砷酸盐矿物legrandite的化学式与adamite相同，只是多了一个结晶水，且具有鲜明的橙色。锌砷酸盐矿物reinerite，Zn₃(AsO₃)₂，和kottigite则缺乏这种鲜明的颜色。 Zinc phosphate, Zn2PO4(OH), forms the mineral tarbuttite. Copper appears with zinc in the phosphate mineral veszelyite. Zinc appears with manganese and iron in the phosphate mineral phosphophyllite. Calcium appears with zinc in the phosphate mineral scholzite.
锌磷酸盐，Zn₂PO₄(OH)，形成矿物塔布蒂特。铜与锌一起出现在磷酸盐矿物韦泽利特中。锌与锰和铁一起出现在磷酸盐矿物磷磷石中。钙与锌一起出现在磷酸盐矿物施洛茨石中。 |
