Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版：英文原文完整保留，中文紧随对应单元；术语采用 v20260916 确认表，自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Rutherford Scattering

卢瑟福散射
Alpha particles from a radioactive source were allowed to strike a thin gold foil. Alpha particles produce a tiny, but visible flash of light when they strike a fluorescent screen. Surprisingly, alpha particles were found at large deflection angles and some were even found to be back-scattered.

This experiment showed that the positive matter in atoms was concentrated in an incredibly small volume and gave birth to the idea of the nuclear atom. In so doing, it represented one of the great turning points in our understanding of nature.

这个实验表明，原子中的正电荷集中在极其微小的体积内，从而诞生了核原子的概念。这标志着我们对自然理解的一个重大转折点。

If the gold foil were 1 micrometer thick, then using the diameter of the gold atom from the periodic table suggests that the foil is about 2800 atoms thick.

如果金箔的厚度为1微米，那么根据元素周期表中金原子的直径，可以推断出金箔大约有2800个原子厚。
Some history
一些历史
Questions raised
提出的问题
Geiger-Marsden data
盖革-马士登数据
来自放射性源的α粒子被允许撞击薄金箔。当α粒子撞击荧光屏时，会产生微弱但可见的光。令人惊讶的是，发现α粒子被大角度偏转，甚至有些被反向散射。
 Index

Rutherford concepts

Scattering concepts

Great experiments of physics
索引 瑞利概念 散射概念 物理学伟大实验
 
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Rutherford Scattering Formula

卢瑟福散射公式
The scattering of alpha particles from nuclei can be modeled from the Coulomb force and treated as an orbit. The scattering process can be treated statistically in terms of the cross-section for interaction with a nucleus which is considered to be a point charge Ze. For a detector at a specific angle with respect to the incident beam, the number of particles per unit area striking the detector is given by the Rutherford formula:

The predicted variation of detected alphas with angle is followed closely by the Geiger-Marsden data. The above form includes the cross-section for scattering for a given nucleus and the nature of the scattering film to get the scattered fraction. Another common form for the Rutherford equation is just the differential cross section for scattering from a given nucleus.

检测到的α粒子与角度变化的预测情况被盖革-马士登数据紧密跟随。上述形式包括了对于给定原子核的散射截面以及散射薄膜的性质，以得到散射分数。另一种常见的Rutherford方程形式仅仅是从给定原子核散射的微分截面。

For this equation, some of the constants have been combined to express the cross section in terms of the fine-structure constant, α.

对于这个方程，某些常数已被结合，以用精细结构常数α来表示截面。

This form of the scattering formula serves as a signature for scattering off a point target in which no structure is evident. The point of departure from Rutherford scattering in the case of the nucleus was the basis for the earliest evaluations of the nuclear radius.

这种散射公式形式是散射 off 一个点目标的特征，其中没有明显的结构。从卢瑟福散射向核散射的转变是最早评估核半径的基础。

The departure from the point-particle form of scattering has been an indicator of nuclear structure and then at higher energies, the structure of the proton.

偏离粒子形式的散射现象一直是揭示核结构的指标，而在更高能量下，质子的结构得以显现。
α粒子与核的散射可以由库仑力来建模，并被视为一个轨道。散射过程可以就其与核的相互作用截面进行统计处理，该核被视为一个点电荷Ze。对于相对于入射束在特定角度放置的探测器，单位面积内击中探测器的粒子数由卢瑟福公式给出：
 Index

Rutherford concepts

Scattering concepts
索引 瑞利概念 散射概念
 
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Alpha Scattering Geometry

α粒子散射几何
The scattering of the alpha particle by the central repulsive Coulomb force leads to a hyperbolic trajectory. From the scattering angle and momentum, one can calculate the impact parameter and closest approach to the target nucleus.

Add annotation showing relationships for calculation
添加注释以显示计算关系

Calculation of impact parameter and closest approach

碰撞参数和最近距离的计算

Cross section for scattering

散射截面
α粒子受中心排斥的库仑力散射导致其轨迹呈双曲线。通过散射角和动量可以计算出碰撞参数及粒子与靶核的最近距离。
 Index

Rutherford concepts

Scattering concepts

Beiser reference
索引 Rutherford 概念 散射 概念 Beiser 参考
 
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