Experimental methods for obtaining atomic spectra
The study of atomic energy levels is accomplished by observing transitions between electron energy levels in atomic spectra.
 | One of the most straightforward ways to obtain atomic line spectra is to electrically excite a gas with a high voltage and observe the emitted light through a diffraction grating. 获得原子线光谱的一种最直接方法是用高压电激发气体，并通过衍射光栅观察发出的光。 |
 | The same kind of spectral data can be obtained by measuring atomic absorption, since the same quantum energy levels are involved. This allows us to identify chemical elements in distant stars by measuring their spectral fingerprints in the absorption spectra of the star's light. 通过测量原子吸收可以获得类似的光谱数据，因为涉及的量子能级是相同的。这使我们能够通过测量恒星光的吸收光谱中的光谱特征来识别远处的化学元素。 |
 | Another type of spectroscopy makes use of the Auger effect which ejects electrons from atoms in response to electron transitions. The measured energy of the ejected electrons gives information about atomic energy levels and permits identification of the atoms, even in the solid state. 另一种光谱学方法利用Auger效应，该效应使原子在电子跃迁时发射电子。测量出的 ejected 电子的能量提供了关于原子能级的信息，并能识别原子，即使在固态中也能实现。 |
 | Saturation spectroscopy using tunable laser sources is a method for obtaining extremely high resolution spectra. 使用可调谐激光源的饱和光谱学是一种获得极高分辨率光谱的方法。 |
| Thwarting Doppler broadening with saturation spectroscopy
用饱和光谱法抑制多普勒展宽 |
Atomic Structure Concepts
| HyperPhysics***** Quantum Physics
HyperPhysics ***** 量子物理 | R Nave |