Bilingual edition: English is preserved and Chinese follows each unit. Terminology uses the confirmed v20260916 glossary; automated semantic review remains traceable.
中英双语版:英文原文完整保留,中文紧随对应单元;术语采用 v20260916 确认表,自动语义审校结果可追溯。

Principal Planes

主平面

The principal planes are two hypothetical planes in a lens system at which all the refraction can be considered to happen. They are typically denoted by H1 and H2. For a given set of lenses and separations, the principal planes are fixed and do not depend upon the object position. The thin lens equation can be used, but it leaves out the distance between the principal planes. The focal length f is that given by Gullstrand's equation. The principal planes for a thick lens are illustrated. For practical applications, it is often useful to use the front and back vertex powers.

主平面是透镜系统中的两个假想平面,在该平面内可以认为所有折射都发生于此。通常用H₁和H₂表示。对于给定的透镜和间距,主平面是固定的,不依赖于物体的位置。可以使用薄透镜方程,但该方程忽略了主平面之间的距离。焦距f由Gullstrand方程给出。厚透镜的主平面如图所示。在实际应用中,往往有用前顶点和后顶点的屈光力来表示。

A thick lens can be characterized by its surface powers, its index of refraction, and its thickness.

厚透镜可以由其表面屈光力、折射率和厚度来表征。

For glass with index of refraction nlens =

对于折射率为n的透镜,
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:n。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the front surface power for lens radius R1 = m is P1 = m-1

透镜半径 R₁ 的前表面功率为 m 时,P₁ = m - 1
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:r1 2:p1。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

and the back surface power for lens radius R2 = m is P2 = m-1

以及透镜半径R₂ = m时的后表面功率P₂ = m - 1
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:r2 2:p2。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

(Note that for a double convex lens, the front surface radius R1 is positive and the back surface radius R2 is negative according to the Cartesian sign convention.)

(注意,对于双凸透镜,根据笛卡尔符号约定,前表面半径R1为正,后表面半径R2为负。)

A thin lens would have approximate power Pthin lens = P1 + P2 = m-1.

薄透镜的近似功率 P_{thin lens} = P_1 + P_2 = m - 1.
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:pt。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The thin lens focal length would be f = m = cm.

薄透镜的焦距应为 f = m = cm。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ft 2:ftcm。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

A thick lens of thickness d = cm = m would have effective power given by Gullstrand's equation:

厚度为 d = cm = m 的厚透镜,其有效功率由 Gullstrand 方程给出:
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:dcm 2:d。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Pthick lens = m-1

厚透镜的公式为:P = m - 1
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ptk。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The equivalent focal length for the thick lens would be fequiv = m = cm.

厚透镜的等效焦距为 f_equiv = m = cm。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ftk 2:ftkcm。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

For the thin lens, we can calculate the image distance. For object distance

对于薄透镜,我们可以计算像距。对于物距

o = m, the image distance is

o = m,像距是
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:o。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

i = m.

Remember that an object in front of the lens gives a negative object distance. Also remember that an object inside the focal length does not form a real image. A negative image distance impies a virtual image.

记住,物体位于透镜前方时,物体距离为负。也记住,物体位于焦距以内时不会形成实像。负的像距意味着形成虚像。

Now for the thick lens, we will assume that the object is the same distance in front of the lens, so that the object distance from the front vertex is

现在考虑厚透镜的情况,我们假设物体距离透镜前表面的距离相同,因此物体到前顶点的距离为

ofv = m.

o fv = m.(专名或术语)
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ofv。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

To use the lens equation for the thick lens, we must find the object distance to the first principal plane H1, so we must calculate the distance from the front vertex to that plane.

要使用厚透镜的透镜方程,我们必须找到物体到第一个主平面H1的距离,因此必须计算从前顶点到该平面的距离。

Front vertex to H1 = h1 = m so othick lens = m.

前顶点到H 1 = h 1 = m 所以厚透镜 = m。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:vh1 2:otk。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The lens equation, using Pthick lens, then gives the image distance

厚透镜的透镜方程则给出像距

ithick lens = m.

厚透镜的焦距等于物距。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:itk。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

But since this image distance is from the second principal plane H2, we need the separation between the principal planes.

但由于这个像距是从第二个主平面H₂测量的,因此需要确定两个主平面之间的距离。

H2 - H1 = m.

This locates the image for us, but if we want the image distance from the back vertex, we have to calculate the distance from H2 to that vertex.

这确定了像的位置,但如果我们想要从后顶点到像的距离,就必须计算从H 2到该顶点的距离。

H2 to back vertex = m.

H2 到背顶点 = m。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:vh2。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The image distance from the back vertex is then

则从后顶点到像的距离是

ibv = m.

i bv = m.(专名或术语)
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:ibv。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The total distance from the object to the image for the thick lens is

厚透镜的物像总距离为

othick + (H2 - H1) + ithick = m,

o thick + (H 2 - H 1 ) + i thick = m,(专名或术语)
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:oitk。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

compared to o+i = m for the thin lens.

与薄透镜的 o+i = m 相比。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:oi。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Sometimes for thick lenses it is more useful to state the back vertex power and focal length. For this lens:

有时对于厚透镜来说,使用后顶点功率和焦距可能更为有用。对于这个透镜:

Pback vertex = m-1.

P back vertex = m -1 .(专名或术语)
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:pbv。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Back vertex focal length = fback vertex = m = cm.

后顶焦距 = f_back vertex = m = cm。
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:fbv 2:fbvcm。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。
Image position from principal planes
通过主平面确定像的位置
Index

Lens concepts

Thick lens concepts
索引透镜概念 厚透镜概念
 
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计算模块中未附着于文字的输入框:
中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应:1:i 2:hsep。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。