Division of Energy Between Photons and Massive Particles

One of the ideas associated with modeling the Big Bang is that the further back in time you project, the more the universe is dominated by photons. We think of today's universe as mostly matter, but the energy of the early universe was mostly photon energy with massive particles playing a very small role.

The amount of energy in radiation in today's universe can be estimated with the use of the Stefan- Boltzmann law, considering that the universe is filled with blackbody radiation at a temperature of 2.7 K. The energy density in this equilibrium radiation is given by

There is also a background energy in neutrinos which is expected to have a temperature of about 1.9 K, and there are 7/4 as many of them as photons according to the standard model. Treating them as massless particles would give an energy density of about 0.11 MeV/m³, so the total energy density in photons and neutrinos is about

More detail 更多内容

One current estimate of the amount of mass in the current universe is

,

Note that this energy in massive particles is that of ordinary baryonic matter, but the associated density falls far short of the critical density that apparently characterizes the universe. The density is typically expressed in terms of a density parameter, Ω.

Temperature and Expansion Time in the Standard Big Bang Model

In the big bang model of the expansion of the universe, the expansion time can be expressed in terms of the Hubble parameter

,

and the Hubble parameter can be related to a model of expansion with the use of the Friedmann equation.

.

For early stages of the expansion of the universe, it's energy density was dominated by radiation, with matter present only as a negligible contaminant. Under those conditions, the density in the Friedmann equation can be taken as that associated with the radiation field and related to the ratio of the temperature at a given time and the current temperature of the cosmic background radiation. This gives

.

The dependence on the fourth power of the temperature comes from the Stefan- Boltzmann law. Substituting into the Friedmann equation gives an expression of the expansion time as a function of temperature in the radiation-dominated early universe.

.

The energy densities of radiation and matter are about equal at the temperature of the transparency point, about 3000 K. At much lower temperatures, the energy is dominated by matter. The energy density of the matter as a function of temperature is given by

.

The resulting expression for expansion time from the Friedmann equation is then

.

Temperature, Expansion Time, and Energy Density in the Expanding Universe

In the radiation-dominated early universe where T>>3000K, the expansion time can be related to the temperature in the relationship:

.

For temperature T = x10^ K

对于温度 T = x10^ K

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：tb 2：tp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

the corresponding expansion time is

相应的扩展时间是

t_expansion = x10^ seconds = x10^ years.

t expansion = x10^ seconds = x10^ years.（专名或术语）

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：txb 2：txp 3：tyb 4：typ。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

The corresponding energy density is approximately

ρ = x10^ GeV/m³.

相应的能量密度约为 ρ = x10^ GeV/m³。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：edb 2：edp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

A characteristic photon energy is kT = x10^ MeV.

一个特征光子能量是kT = 10 MeV。

中文译文中的待填/计算数值依次对应：1：ktb 2：ktp。实际数值以上方原输入框为准。

Note that this calculation includes only the photons and neutrinos, and does not apply to the times before the annihilation of most of the electrons and positrons. Another factor of 7/4 must then be introduced to include the energy contribution of the electrons and positrons.

需要注意的是，这个计算仅包括光子和中微子，不适用于大多数电子和正电子湮灭之前的时间。因此，还需引入另一个因素7/4，以计入电子和正电子的能量贡献。

For temperatures T<<3000K, matter dominates in energy. In the matter-dominated era, the expansion time and temperature are related by:

.

Taking the matter energy density to be 0.5 GeV/m³, then the expansion time calculated from that is about 4.5 x 10⁹ years. If the energy density of matter is taken to be the critical density of about 5.5 GeV/m³ associated with a Hubble parameter of 72 km/s/Mpc, then the expansion time at the present temperature of 2.7K is 13.6 x 10⁹ years. The calculation of critical density comes from an expression in Weinburg. It is usually expressed in terms of a density parameter, Ω.

若将物质能量密度取为0.5 GeV/m³，那么由此计算出的膨胀时间约为4.5×10⁹年。如果将物质的能量密度取为与Hubble参数72 km/s/Mpc相关的临界密度约5.5 GeV/m³，那么在目前温度2.7K时的膨胀时间是13.6×10⁹年。临界密度的计算来自Weinburg的一条表达式。它通常以密度参数Ω来表示。

在温度 T << 3000K 时，物质主导能量。在物质主导时期，膨胀时间与温度之间存在关系：