The Electron Transport Chain
电子传递链
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The electron transport chain or ETC is tightly coupled to the process of oxidative phosphorylation via the atp synthase system for the production of useful energy for metabolism in the form of ATP. These coupled processes are present in all mitochondria, which are present in all plant and animal life above the level of microbes. Even in the microbes, there are ETCs embedded in the cell membranes, even though they don't possess mitochondria.
电子传递链（ETC）通过ATP合成酶系统与氧化磷酸化过程紧密耦合，以产生形式为ATP的有用能量，用于代谢。这些耦合过程存在于所有线粒体中，而线粒体存在于所有高于微生物水平的植物和动物细胞中。即使在微生物中，也有ETC嵌入在细胞膜中，尽管它们没有线粒体。 A normal animal cell will have on the order of a thousand mitochondria, and each mitochondrion has on the order of a thousand ETCs, so a cell has something on the order of a million of these coupled energy tools! (Ahern)
一个正常的动物细胞大约有上千个线粒体，每个线粒体大约有上千个ETC，因此一个细胞大约有数百万个这些耦合的能源工具！（Ahern） Electrons are transported through the ETC by means of four large protein complexes called complex I through IV. Complex I makes use of the electron carrier NADH which has been given energy in the TCA cycle. Complex I pumps protons into the inter-membrane space and hands off the energetic electrons to the small electron courier Co Q which aids in transporting to Complex III. Complex II makes use of the electron carrier FADH2 and provides electrons to Co Q. Complex III pumps protons to the inter-membrane space and continues the electron transport, delivering the electrons to cytochrome-C. Complex IV continues the process of pumping protons to add to the proton excess in the inter-membrane space and makes the final delivery of the electrons to oxygen in the mitochondrial matrix.
电子通过四个大型蛋白质复合物（称为复合I到IV）在ETC中运输。复合I利用电子载体NADH，该NADH已在TCA循环中获得能量。复合I将质子泵入膜间空间，并将充满能量的电子传递给小的电子递送员Co Q，帮助其传递到复合III。复合II利用电子载体FADH2，并将电子提供给Co Q。复合III将质子泵入膜间空间，并继续电子运输，将电子传递给细胞色素C。复合IV继续将质子泵入膜间空间，增加该空间中的质子过剩，并最终将电子传递到线粒体基质中的氧气。
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