Detection Devices for High Energy Physics

The major accelerator facilities make use of sophisticated and massive arrays of detectors to analyze the particles which are produced in high energy scattering events. Working on our image of high energy physics as being like "finding out how a watch works by smashing two of them together and examining the pieces which fly out", then the detector needs to catch and examine all the pieces. To begin some perspective of how this is done, consider the following possibilities:

• Measuring the position and length of ionization trails. Much of the detection depends upon ionization.
  测量电离轨迹的位置和长度。许多探测都依赖于电离。
• Measuring time-of-flight permits velocity measurements.
  测量飞行时间可以实现速度的测量。
• Measuring radius of curvature after bending the paths of charged particles with magnetic fields permits measurement of momentum.
  通过磁场所弯曲的带电粒子路径测量曲率半径，可以测定动量。
• Detecting Cerenkov radiation gives some information about energy, mass.
  探测切连科夫辐射可以提供关于能量、质量的一些信息
• Measuring the coherent "transition radiation" for particles moving into a different medium.
  测量粒子进入不同介质时的相干‘跃迁辐射’。
• Measuring synchrotron radiation for the lighter charged particles when their paths are bent.
  测量带电轻粒子在路径弯曲时的同步辐射。
• Detecting neutrinos by steps in the decay schemes which are "not there", i.e., using conservation of momentum, etc. to imply the presence of undetected neutrinos.
  通过衰变方案中‘不存在’的步骤来探测中微子，即利用动量守恒等原理推断未被探测到的中微子的存在。
• Measuring the electromagnetic showers produced by electrons and photons by calorimetric methods
  用 calorimetric 方法测量由电子和光子产生的电磁 shower
• Measuring nuclear cascades produced by hadrons in massive steel detectors which use calorimetry to characterize the particles.
  利用 calorimetry 对粒子进行表征的重离子在 massive steel 检测器中产生的核级联测量。
• "If it got through all that, it must be a muon!" Detecting muons by the fact that they penetrate all the calorimetric detectors.
  如果它穿透了所有这些层，那它必定是μ子！通过它能穿透所有 calorimetric 检测器的事实来探测μ子。