Temperature Regulation of the Human Body

人体的温度调节

The human body has the remarkable capacity for regulating its core temperature somewhere between 98°F and 100°F when the ambient temperature is between approximately 68°F and 130°F according to Guyton. This presumes a nude body and dry air.

根据Guyton的说法，当环境温度在约68°F到130°F之间时，人体具有调节核心温度的 remarkable capacity，该温度在98°F到100°F之间。这假设人体是裸体且空气干燥的。

The external heat transfer mechanisms are radiation, conduction and convection and evaporation of perspiration. The process is far more than the passive operation of these heat transfer mechanisms, however. The body takes a very active role in temperature regulation.

外部的热传递机制包括辐射、传导和对流，以及汗液蒸发。然而，这一过程远不止是这些热传递机制的被动运作。身体在温度调节中扮演着非常积极的角色。

The temperature of the body is regulated by neural feedback mechanisms which operate primarily through the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus contains not only the control mechanisms, but also the key temperature sensors. Under control of these mechanisms, sweating begins almost precisely at a skin temperature of 37°C and increases rapidly as the skin temperature rises above this value. The heat production of the body under these conditions remains almost constant as the skin temperature rises. If the skin temperature drops below 37°C a variety of responses are initiated to conserve the heat in the body and to increase heat production. These include

人体的温度由神经反馈机制调节，主要通过下丘脑发挥作用。下丘脑不仅包含控制机制，还包含关键的温度传感器。在这些机制的控制下，出汗几乎在皮肤温度达到37°C时开始，并随着皮肤温度超过此值而迅速增加。在这些条件下，身体的产热几乎保持不变，随着皮肤温度的升高。如果皮肤温度低于37°C，就会引发一系列反应，以保存体内的热量并增加产热。这些反应包括

Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of heat to the skin.

血管收缩以减少热量向皮肤的流动。

Cessation of sweating.

出汗停止。

Shivering to increase heat production in the muscles.

战栗以增加肌肉中的热量产生。

Secretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and thyroxine to increase heat production

分泌肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和甲状腺素以增加产热

In lower animals, the erection of the hairs and fur to increase insulation.

在低等动物中，毛发和毛皮的竖起以增强保温性。