Nuclear Blast Damage核爆伤害
Blast damage from a nuclear weapon comes from the overpressure in the air and from winds which result from the pressures. For a 10 kiloton blast at the height where it would produce the most damage, severe damage to frame houses would occur out to 1.6 km and moderate damage to 2.4 km. For a 10 megaton blast, 1000 times as powerful, the severe damage would extend out about ten times as far, to 17.7 km. (Figures from Microsoft Encarta). A 10 kiloton blast would produce a fireball of about 300 m diameter and would cause moderate flash burns (second degree) at a range of about 2.4 km. A 10 megaton blast would create a fireball about 4.8 km and moderate flash burns to 32 km. Accompanying the blast is a burst of neutrons and gamma rays, as well as lingering residual radiation from radioactive fallout. 核武器的爆炸破坏主要来自空气中的超压以及由此产生的风。对于10千吨当量的爆炸，在产生最大破坏的高度上，严重破坏的框架房屋会在1.6公里范围内出现，而中等破坏则在2.4公里范围内。对于10兆吨当量的爆炸，其威力是前者的1000倍，严重破坏的范围大约是前者的10倍，即延伸至17.7公里。（数据来自Microsoft Encarta）。10千吨当量的爆炸会产生直径约300米的火球，并在约2.4公里范围内造成中等程度的闪光灼伤（二度灼伤）。10兆吨当量的爆炸则会产生直径约4.8公里的火球，并在32公里范围内造成中等程度的闪光灼伤。伴随爆炸的是中子和伽马射线的爆发，以及来自放射性尘埃的残留辐射。
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Radioactive Fallout放射性尘埃
In addition to the great destructive power of fission bombs, the highly radioactive fission byproducts are released into the atmosphere and spread over a wide area. Radioactive fallout in the form of fine particulate matter is particularly dangerous because it can be ingested, bringing alpha and beta emitters into the body where they can do much more damage. One of the most serious components of the fallout from weapons testing in the deserts of Arizona and Utah was strontium-90. 除了裂变炸弹巨大的破坏力外，裂变产物还会释放到大气中，并广泛扩散。以细颗粒形式存在的放射性尘埃特别危险，因为它们可以被吸入，将α和β发射体带入体内，造成更大伤害。在亚利桑那州和犹他州沙漠中进行的武器试验产生的放射性尘埃中最严重的一个成分是锶-90。
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A Ton of TNT一吨TNT当量
For some reason, the comparison unit for nuclear explosions which became most popular was the "ton of TNT". A nominal energy release for a ton of TNT can be extracted from general statements about nuclear weapons. One of those is "one kilogram of mass converted to energy is equivalent to about 22 megatons of TNT". From the Einstein equation, the conversion is 出于某种原因，核爆炸的比较单位中最受欢迎的是‘吨TNT’。一吨TNT的名义能量释放可以从关于核武器的一般陈述中提取出来。其中一条是‘一公斤质量转化为能量相当于约22兆吨TNT’。根据爱因斯坦方程，这种转换是
This is consistent with the oft-quoted statement that the 20 kiloton Hiroshima bomb converted about 1 gram of mass to energy. 这与经常引用的说法一致，即20千吨当量的广岛原子弹将约1克的质量转化为能量。
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Nuclear Winter核冬天
Riddle: What has a dust storm on Mars have to do with the nuclear arms race? 谜题：火星上的沙尘暴与核军备竞赛有什么关系？
Answer: A massive dust storm on Mars, observed by the Mariner 9 spacecraft, obscured the surface for weeks and dramatically lowered the surface temperature under the dust cloud. 回答：火星上观测到的尘埃风暴遮蔽了表面数周，并显著降低了尘埃云下方的地表温度。
This was perhaps the first clear evidence that a major nuclear weapon exchange could have catastrophic global climatic effects. Air bursts tend to blow fine particulate matter high into the atmosphere where it could stay for months or years. The term "Nuclear Winter" was introduced by the TTAPS group to describe the cold and dark which would accompany this high particulate cloud. 这可能是首次明确表明，一次重大核武器交换可能对全球气候产生灾难性影响。空气爆破会将细小的颗粒物送至大气高层，这些颗粒物可能在数月或数年内滞留。术语‘核冬’是由TTAPS小组提出的，用来描述这种高颗粒云所带来的寒冷和黑暗。
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