Electric Properties of Solids固体的电性质
Solids may be classified in terms of their resistivity or conductivity as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors. Closer examination of the microscopic conditions for Ohm's law involves free electron density in solids. 固体可以根据其电阻率或导电性分为导体、绝缘体或半导体。对欧姆定律的微观条件进行更深入的考察涉及固体中的自由电子密度。
These classifications of solid materials can be visualized in terms of the band theory of solids and are strongly correlated with the interatomic spacing in the solid. The electron energy levels in a solid are often expressed in relation to the Fermi energy. The conducting electron density in a metal can be calculated from the Fermi energy. 这些固体材料的分类可以通过固体的带理论来可视化，并且与固体中的原子间距密切相关。固体中的电子能级通常相对于费米能进行表达。金属中的导电电子密度可以从费米能计算得出。
The electrical conductivity of semiconductors can be enhanced by doping to produce n-type or p-type semiconductors. 通过掺杂可以增强半导体的电导率，从而产生n型或p型半导体。
A current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field will exhibit a transverse voltage from the magnetic force exerted on the moving charges. Called the Hall effect, this voltage is proportional to the magnetic field strength and is used in Hall probes for the measurement of magnetic fields. 当载流导体置于磁场中时，会因磁力作用于运动电荷而产生横向电压。这种现象称为霍尔效应，该电压与磁场强度成正比，并用于霍尔探头测量磁场。
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