Georgia Performance Standards for Physics and Physical Science

The following is a reproduction of the portion of the GPS standards from the Georgia Department of Education which applies to Physics and Physical science. The standards apply to public schools in Georgia. These sections are provided with active links to HyperPhysics for information on the content words in the standards.

Physical Science

The Physical Science curriculum is designed to continue student investigations of the physical sciences that began in grades K-8 and provide students the necessary skills to have a richer knowledge base in physical science. This course is designed as a survey course of chemistry and physics. This curriculum includes the more abstract concepts such as the conceptualization of the structure of atoms, motion and forces, and the conservation of energy and matter, the action/reaction principle, and wave behavior. Students investigate physical science concepts through experience in laboratories and field work using the processes of inquiry.

Co-Requisite Ð Content

• SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.
  学生将探讨我们目前对原子的理解。
  • a. Examine the structure of the atom in terms of proton, electron, and neutron locations. atomic mass and atomic number. atoms with different numbers of neutrons (isotopes). explain the relationship of the proton number to the elementÕs identity.
  • b. Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron movement.
    b. 从电子运动的角度比较和对比离子键和共价键。
  考察原子的结构，从质子、电子和中子的位置，原子质量及原子序数，以及中子数目不同的原子（同位素）的角度进行分析。解释质子数与元素身份的关系。

• SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.
  学生将探索物质的本质、分类及其命名体系。
  • a. Calculate density when given a means to determine a substanceÕs mass and volume.
    当给定一种测定物质质量和体积的方法时，计算密度。
  • b. Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.
  • c. Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of binary ionic compounds (containing representative elements).
    c. 使用IUPAC命名法，对二元离子化合物（含主族元素）的化学名称和化学式进行转换。
  预测稳定二元离子化合物的形成公式，基于电荷的平衡。

Physics

The Physics curriculum is designed to continue student investigations of the physical sciences that began in grades K-8 and provide students the necessary skills to be proficient in physics. This curriculum includes more abstract concepts such as interactions of matter and energy, velocity, acceleration, force, energy, momentum, and charge. Students investigate physics concepts through experience in laboratories and field work using the processes of inquiry.

Co-Requisite Ð Content

• SP1. Students will analyze the relationships between force, mass, gravity, and the motion of objects.
  学生将分析力、质量、重力与物体运动之间的关系。
  • a. Calculate average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration in a given frame of reference.
    计算给定参考系中的平均速度、瞬时速度和加速度。
  • b. Compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities.
    b. 比较和对比标量和矢量量
  • c. Compare graphically and algebraically the relationships among position, velocity, acceleration, and time.
    c. 通过图形和代数方法比较位置、速度、加速度和时间之间的关系。
  • d. Measure and calculate the magnitude of frictional forces and NewtonÕs three Laws of Motion.
    d. 测量并计算摩擦力的大小，以及牛顿的三大运动定律。
  • e. Measure and calculate the magnitude of gravitational forces.
    e. 测量并计算引力力的大小
  • f. Measure and calculate two-dimensional motion (projectile and circular) by using component vectors.
    用分量矢量测量和计算二维运动（抛体和圆周）
  • g. Measure and calculate centripetal force.
    测量并计算向心力。
  • h. Determine the conditions required to maintain a body in a state of static equilibrium.
    h. 确定维持物体处于静力平衡状态所需的条件。

• SP2. Students will evaluate the significance of energy in understanding the structure of matter and the universe.
  学生将评估能量在理解物质结构和宇宙中的重要性。
  • a. Relate the energy produced through fission and fusion by stars as a driving force in the universe.
    将恒星通过裂变和聚变产生的能量作为宇宙中的驱动力进行关联。
  • b. Explain how the instability of radioactive isotopes results in spontaneous nuclear reactions.
    b. 说明放射性同位素的不稳定性如何导致自发的核反应。

• SP3. Students will evaluate the forms and transformations of energy.
  学生将评估能量的形式和转化。
  • a. Analyze, evaluate, and apply the principle of conservation of energy and measure the components of work-energy theorem by
    • describing total energy in a closed system.
      描述一个封闭系统中的总能。
    • identifying different types of potential energy.
      识别不同类型的势能。
    • calculating kinetic energy given mass and velocity.
      给定质量和速度计算动能
    • relating transformations between potential and kinetic energy.
      关联势能与动能之间的转换
    分析、评估并应用能量守恒原理，并通过测量功-能定理的各个组成部分来实现
  • b. Explain the relationship between matter and energy.
    b. 解释物质与能量之间的关系。
  • c. Measure and calculate the vector nature of momentum.
    测量并计算动量的矢量性质
  • d. Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions.
    比较和对比弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞
  • e. Demonstrate the factors required to produce a change in momentum.
    e. 证明产生动量变化所需的因素。
  • f. Analyze the relationship between temperature, internal energy, and work done in a physical system.
    分析物理系统中温度、内能与做功之间的关系。
  • g. Analyze and measure power.
    分析并测量功率

• SP4. Students will analyze the properties and applications of waves.
  学生将分析波的性质和应用。
  • a. Explain the processes that results in the production and energy transfer of electromagnetic waves.
    解释导致电磁波产生和能量传递的过程。
  • b. Experimentally determine the behavior of waves in various media in terms of reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves.
    b. 通过实验确定波在不同介质中的行为，包括波的反射、折射和衍射。
  • c. Explain the relationship between the phenomena of interference and the principle of superposition.
    c. 说明干涉现象与叠加原理之间的关系。
  • d. Demonstrate the transfer of energy through different mediums by mechanical waves.
    d. 通过机械波展示能量在不同介质中的传递。
  • e. Determine the location and nature of images formed by the reflection or refraction of light.
    e. 确定由光的反射或折射形成的像的位置和性质。

• SP5. Students will evaluate relationships between electrical and magnetic forces.
  学生将评估电力与磁力之间的关系。
  • a. Describe the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy and the transmission of electrical energy.
    描述机械能转化为电能以及电能的传输。
  • b. Determine the relationship among potential difference, current, and resistance in a direct current circuit.
    b. 确定直流电路中电势差、电流和电阻之间的关系。
  • c. Determine equivalent resistances in series and parallel circuits.
    c. 确定串联和并联电路中的等效电阻
  • d. Determine the relationship between moving electric charges and magnetic fields.
    d. 确定运动电荷与磁场之间的关系。

• SP6. The student will describe the corrections to Newtonian physics given by quantum mechanics and relativity when matter is very small, moving fast compared to the speed of light, or very large.
  学生将描述当物质非常小、运动速度远大于光速或非常大时，量子力学和相对论对牛顿物理的修正。
  • a. Explain matter as a particle and as a wave.
    a. 解释物质既作为粒子又作为波
  • b. Describe the Uncertainty Principle.
    b. 描述不确定性原理。
  • c. Explain the differences in time, space, and mass measurements by two observers when one is in a frame of reference moving at constant velocity parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the other observerÕs frame of reference if the constant velocity is greater than one tenth the speed of light.
    c. 说明当一个参考系以大于光速十分之一的恒定速度平行于另一个观察者坐标轴运动时，两个观察者在时间、空间和质量测量上的差异。
  • d. Describe the gravitational field surrounding a large mass and its effect on a ray of light.
    描述一个大质量周围存在的引力场及其对光线的影响。