Georgia Quality Core Curriculum

6th Grade Science, Strand: Physical Science

1. Topic: Scientific Inquiry Process
   Standard: Uses process skills of observing, classifying, communicating, measuring, predicting, inferring, identifying, and manipulating variables; recording analyzing and operationally defining, formulating models, experimenting, constructing hypotheses and drawing conclusions
   
   主题：科学探究过程标准：运用观察、分类、交流、测量、预测、推断、识别和操纵变量的过程技能；记录、分析和操作性定义；建立模型、实验、构建假设并得出结论
2. Topic: Safety Skills
   Standard: Understands and applies laboratory safety rules and practices.
   
   
   主题：安全技能 标准：理解并应用实验室安全规则和实践。
3. Topic: Standard International (SI) Measurements (Metric System)
   Standard: Defines and identifies standards of measurement.
   • 3.1 Names the prefixes used in the SI system.
     3.1 列出SI系统中使用的前缀名称。
   • 3.2 Identifies SI units and symbols for length, volume, mass, density, time, and temperature.
     3.2 识别长度、体积、质量、密度、时间和温度的SI单位和符号。
   • 3.3 Converts measurements among related SI units.
     3.3 将相关SI单位的测量转换为其他单位
   • 3.4 Uses appropriate tools for determining mass, volume, temperature, density, and length.
     3.4 正确使用工具确定质量、体积、温度、密度和长度。
   
   
   主题：国际标准单位制（公制系统）标准：定义并标识测量标准。
4. Topic: Reference Skills
   Standard: Selects and uses multiple types of print and nonprint sources for information on science concepts.
   
   
   主题：参考技能标准：为科学概念的信息选择并使用多种印刷和非印刷资料。
5. Topic: Structure of Matter
   Standard: Explains the properties and phases of matter, using as an example the composition and properties of water.
   • 5.1 Distinguishes between atoms and molecules and among elements, mixtures and compounds.
     5. 区分原子与分子，以及元素、混合物和化合物。
   • 5.2 Describes the structure of elements.
     5. 元素的结构。
   • 5.3 Describes the periodic table of elements and uses it to find information about an element.
     5.3 描述元素周期表并利用它查找元素的信息。
   • 5.4 Uses the periodic table to classify an element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
     5. 利用元素周期表将元素分类为金属、非金属或金属loid。
   • 5.4 Describes atomic number and atomic mass.
     5.4 描述原子序数和原子质量。
   • 5.6 Distinguishes physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes.
     5.6 区分物理性质和化学性质，以及物理变化和化学变化。
   • 5.7 Recognizes and writes common chemical symbols, chemical formulas, and chemical equations.
     5. 识别并写出常见的化学符号、化学式和化学方程式。
   
   
   主题：物质结构 标准：通过水的组成和性质为例，解释物质的性质和相。
6. Topic: Structure of Matter
   Standard: Analyzes the relationship of matter and energy.
   • 6.1 Describes how the molecular motion changes in each phase of matter.
     6. 物质的分子运动在每个相中的变化。
   • 6.2 Discusses the nature of freezing, condensing, boiling, and evaporating.
     6.2 讨论凝固、冷凝、沸腾和蒸发的本质。
   
   
   主题：物质结构 标准：分析物质与能量之间的关系。
7. Topic: Structure of Matter
   Standard: Defines acid and base.
   • 7.1 Describes the characteristic properties of acids and bases.
     7.1 描述酸和碱的特征性质。
   • 7.2 Lists the names, formulas, and uses of some common acids and bases.
     7.2 列出一些常见酸和碱的名称、公式及用途。
   • 7.3 Explain what a salt is and how salts form.
     7. 解释什么是盐以及盐是如何形成的。
   
   
   主题：物质结构 标准：定义酸和碱。
8. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
   Standard: Describes how energy and work are related.
   • 8.1 Distinguishes between kinetic and potential energy.
     8.1 区分动能和势能。
   • 8.2 Describes different forms of energy (e.g., mechanical, electrical, chemical, radiant, nuclear, etc.).
     8.2 描述不同形式的能（例如机械能、电能、化学能、辐射能、核能等）。
   • 8.3 Describes how energy and power are related.
     8.3 描述能量和功率之间的关系。
   
   
   主题：运动、力与能量 标准：描述能量和功之间的关系。
9. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
   Standard: Defines speed as a rate.
   • 9.1 Performs calculations involving speed, time, and distance to interpret distance-time graphs.
     9.1 进行涉及速率、时间和距离的计算，以解读距离-时间图线。
   • 9.2 Compares and contrasts speed, velocity, and acceleration.
     9.2 比较和对比速度、速率和加速度。
   • 9.3 Recognizes different examples of forces.
     9.3 认识不同类型的力。
   • 9.4 States and describes Newton's three laws of motion.
     9.4 描述牛顿的三大运动定律。
   • 9.5 Gives examples of the effects of gravity.
     9.5 给出了重力效应的一些例子。
   • 9.6 Relates gravitational force to mass and distance.
     9.6 将重力与质量和距离联系起来。
   • 9.7 Distinguishes between mass and weight.
     9.7 区分质量和重量。
   • 9.8 Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of passenger restraint devices as related to force and motion.
     9.8 评估乘客约束装置在力和运动方面的优缺点。
   
   
   主题：运动、力和能量。标准：将速度定义为一个速率。
10. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
    Standard: Explains the relationship among force, motion and acceleration.
    • 10.1 Explains why objects thrown or shot follow a curved path.
      10.1 说明为何被抛出或射出的物体轨迹是曲线。
    • 10.2 Compares motion in a straight line with circular motion.
      10.2 将直线运动与圆周运动进行比较。
    • 10.3 Defines weightlessness.
      10.3 定义失重
    • 10.4 Analyzes action and reaction forces.
      10.4 分析作用力与反作用力
    • 10.5 Explains conservation of momentum.
      10.5 解释动量守恒。
    
    
    主题：运动、力和能量。标准：解释力、运动和加速度之间的关系。
11. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
    Standard: Describes how particles of a fluid exert pressure.
    • 11.1 States Archimedes' principle.
      11.1 陈述阿基米德原理。
    • 11.2 States Bernoulli's principle and describes a way Bernoulli's principle is applied.
      11.2 陈述伯努利原理，并描述伯努利原理的应用方法。
    • 11.3 Explains how a hydraulic device operates.
      11. 解释液压装置是如何工作的。
    
    
    主题：运动、力和能量。标准：描述流体中的粒子如何施加压力。
12. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
    Standard: Explains how machines make work easier.
    • 12.1 Describes six types of simple machines.
      12.1 描述六种简单机械类型。
    • 12.2 Recognizes the simple machines that make up a compound machine.
      12. 识别组成复合机器的简单机器。
    • 12.3 Describes the relationship between work, power, and time.
      12.3 描述了功、功率和时间之间的关系。
    • 12.4 Explains what the science of bionics involves.
      12.4 解释生物工程学涉及的内容。
    • 12.5 Contrasts two methods of using electrical signals to trigger motion of a limb or other body processes.
      12.5 比较两种利用电信号来引发肢体或其他身体过程运动的方法。
    
    
    主题：运动、力和能量。标准：解释机器如何使工作更省力。
13. Topic: Motion, Forces, and Energy
    Standard: Explains how satellites are placed in orbit around the earth.
    • 13.1 Gives examples of how satellites are used to improve the overall quality of life.
      13.1 举例说明卫星如何改善整体生活质量。
    
    
    主题：运动、力和能量 标准：解释如何将卫星送入地球轨道。
14. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Heat
    Standard: Investigates the characteristics, movements, and measurements of heat energy.
    • 14.1 Demonstrates the difference between heat and temperature.
      14.1 说明热量与温度的区别
    • 14.2 Shows how heat causes matter to expand and contract.
      14.2 说明热量如何导致物质膨胀和收缩。
    • 14.3 Explains how heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
      14. 解释热量通过导热、对流和辐射的方式传递的过程。
    • 14.4 Identifies some causes and effects of thermal pollutions.
      14.4 识别一些热污染的原因和影响。
    • 14.5 Discusses some possible solutions for thermal pollution problems.
      14.5 讨论一些可能的解决热污染问题的方案。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：热能 标准：研究热能的特性、运动和测量。
15. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Waves
    Standard: Describes how waves carry energy.
    • 15.1 Discusses the characteristics and properties of waves.
      15.1 讨论波的特性与性质。
    • 15.2 Explains how wavelength, frequency, and speed are related.
      15.2 解释波长、频率和速率之间的关系。
    • 15.3 Compares transverse and compressional waves.
      15.3 比较横波和纵波。
    • 15.4 Describes how waves are refracted and reflected.
      15.4 描述波如何发生折射和反射。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：波标准：描述波如何传递能量。
16. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Light
    Standard: Contrasts electromagnetic waves and other kinds of waves (e.g., sound, water).
    • 16.1 Describes the electromagnetic spectrum.
      16.1 描述电磁谱。
    • 16.2 Explains at least one application of each type of electromagnetic wave.
      16.2 说明每种电磁波至少一个应用。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：光 标准：对比电磁波和其他类型的波（例如，声波、水波）。
17. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Light
    Standard: States and gives an example of the law of reflection.
    • 17.1 Explains how refraction is used to separate light into the colors of the spectrum.
      17. 解释折射如何将光分离成光谱中的各种颜色。
    • 17.2 Describes how diffraction and interference patterns demonstrate wave behavior.
      17.2 说明衍射和干涉图案如何展示波动行为。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：光标准：状态及反射定律的一个例子。
18. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Light
    Standard: Investigates the relationship between light and color.
    • 18.1 Describes the differences among opaque, transparent, and translucent materials.
      18.1 描述 opaque、transparent 和 translucent 材料之间的差异。
    • 18.2 Explains how you see color.
      18.2 解释你如何看见颜色。
    • 18.3 Describes the difference between light color and pigment color.
      18. 描述光色与颜料色的区别。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：光标准：研究光与颜色之间的关系。
19. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Light
    Standard: Discusses how light interacts with mirrors and lenses to produce images.
    • 19.1 Explains how images are formed in mirrors.
      19. 解释镜中影像是如何形成的。
    • 19.2 Identifies uses of plane, concave, and convex mirrors.
      19.2 识别平面镜、凹面镜和凸面镜的用途。
    • 19.3 Describes the types of images formed with convex and concave lenses.
      19.3 描述凸透镜和凹透镜所成的像的类型。
    • 19.4 Compares refracting and reflecting telescopes.
      19.4 比较折射式与反射式望远镜。
    • 19.5 Discusses the technological advances in the use of light (e.g., fiber optics, lasers, cameras, microscopes, etc.)
      19.5 讨论了光的使用技术进步（例如光纤、激光、相机、显微镜等）
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：光 标准：讨论光如何与镜子和透镜相互作用以产生图像。
20. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Electricity
    Standard: Lists the characteristics of electricity.
    • 20.1 Describes how static and current electricity differ.
      20. 描述静电力与电流电场的区别。
    • 20.2 Describes the relationship between electrical current and circuits.
      20. 描述电流与电路之间的关系。
    • 20.3 Explains how a dry cell is a source of electricity.
      20.3 解释干电池是如何产生电能的。
    • 20.4 Describes, sketches and lists applications for a series and parallel circuit.
      20. 描述、绘制示意图并列举串联电路和并联电路的应用。
    • 20.5 Distinguishes between conductors and insulators.
      20.5 区分导体与绝缘体
    • 20.6 Identifies the function of circuit breakers and fuses.
      20.6 识别电路断路器和熔断器的功能
    • 20.7 Calculates the amount of electrical energy in kilowatt-hours.
      20. 计算千瓦时单位的电能。
    • 20.8 Explains the occurrence of lightning in terms of induction and static discharge.
      20. 用感应和静电放电解释雷电的产生。
    • 20.9 Evaluates the positive and negative aspect of lightning induced forest fires.
      20. 评估雷击引发森林火灾的正反两面。
    • 20.10 Identifies safety measures when dealing with electricity and lightning.
      20.10 识别处理电力和雷电时的安全措施。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：电学。标准：列举电学的特性。
21. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Electricity and Magnetism
    Standard: Describes the properties of magnets.
    • 21.1 Defines magnetic field.
      21.1 定义磁场。
    • 21.2 Explains the magnetic effects of a current in a wire.
      21.2 解释电流在导线中的磁效应。
    • 21.3 Compares and contrasts voltmeters and ammeters.
      21.3 比较和对比电压表与电流表
    • 21.4 Describes the function of an electric motor.
      21.4 描述电动机的功能。
    • 21.5 Describes how a generator produces electric current.
      21. 发电机如何产生电流。
    • 21.6 Distinguishes between alternating and direct current.
      21. 区分交流电和直流电。
    • 21.7 Explains the function of step up and step down transformers.
      21. 解释升压变压器和降压变压器的功能。
    • 21.8 Describes the characteristics and applications of super conductors.
      21.8 描述超导体的特性及其应用。
    • 21.9 Describes the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medicine.
      21.9 描述磁共振成像（MRI）在医学中的应用。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：电磁学标准：描述磁体的性质。
22. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Sound
    Standard: Describes sound as a form of energy produced by vibrations.
    • 22.1 Lists the characteristics of waves.
      22.1 列举波的特性。
    • 22.2 Discusses the relationship between frequency and wavelength.
      22.2 讨论频率与波长之间的关系。
    • 22.3 Compares and contrasts transverse and compressional waves
      22.3 比较和对比横波与纵波
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：声音 标准：将声音描述为由振动产生的能量形式。
23. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Sound
    Standard: Describes the transmission of sound through a medium.
    • 23.1 Identifies the relationships between intensity and loudness, and frequency and pitch.
      23. 识别音强与响度、频率与音调之间的关系。
    • 23.2 Illustrates the Doppler effect.
      23.2 说明多普勒效应。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：声音标准：描述声音通过介质的传播。
24. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Sound
    Standard: Distinguishes between music and noise.
    • 24.1 Describes why instruments produce sounds of different quality.
      24.1 说明为什么仪器会产生不同音质的声音。
    • 24.2 Explains two types of wave interference.
      24.2 解释了两种波的干涉。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：声音标准：区分音乐与噪声。
25. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Sound
    Standard: Explains how sound waves are used to create images of body organs.
    • 25.1 Describes the uses of ultrasound technology in medicine.
      25. 超声技术在医学中的应用。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：声音标准：解释声音波如何用于生成人体器官的图像。
26. Topic: Energy and Its Transformation: Alternative Energy Sources
    Standard: Recognizes the major energy sources people use today to meet their energy needs.
    • 26.1 Defines and investigates energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal heat, nuclear, fossil fuels, and hydroelectric power.
      26.1 定义并研究各种能源，如太阳能、风能、地热能、核能、化石燃料和水力发电。
    • 26.2 Identifies ways energy can be conserved.
      26.2 识别能量可以被守恒的方式。
    • 26.3 Compares and contrasts alternative energy sources.
      26.3 比较和对比替代的能源来源。
    • 26.4 Identifies models that demonstrate how wind, sun, water, geothermal energy and waves can be used as alternative energy sources.
      26.4 识别出展示如何利用风能、太阳能、水能、地热能和波浪能作为替代能源的模型。
    • 26.5 Discusses problems associated with storing and disposal of nuclear waste.
      26.5 讨论核废料储存和处置相关的问题。
    
    
    主题：能量及其转化：替代能源 概念：认可当今人们主要使用的能源来源以满足他们的能源需求。